Aftermath

Broad Audience ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Hildegard’s reception, musical and otherwise, is traced in this chapter. After her death, Theoderic of Echternach completed her Vita, and possibly a series of Eight Readings for her feast day. Gebeno of Eberbach excerpted her works in the Pentachronon, and official canonization procedures began in 1228 (though the process concluded only in 2012, followed by Hildegard’s recognition as a Doctor of the Church). Rupertsberg was destroyed in 1632 and Eibingen dissolved in the early nineteenth century; the Abtei Sankt Hildegard was created in the early twentieth century. Revival of the music began in the mid-nineteenth century, with the first complete edition published in 1969. But only in 1982, with recordings from Sequentia and Gothic Voices, did Hildegard’s music really begin to reach a broad audience.

Scottish Missionaries, ‘Protestant Hinduism’ and the Scottish Sense of Empire in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century India

The Scottish Historical Review ◽

10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.278 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 86 (2) ◽

pp. 278-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philip Constable

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Western India ◽

Church Of Scotland ◽

Free Church ◽

Intellectual Engagement ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

This article examines the Scottish missionary contribution to a Scottish sense of empire in India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Initially, the article reviews general historiographical interpretations which have in recent years been developed to explain the Scottish relationship with British imperial development in India. Subsequently the article analyses in detail the religious contributions of Scottish Presbyterian missionaries of the Church of Scotland and the Free Church Missions to a Scottish sense of empire with a focus on their interaction with Hindu socioreligious thought in nineteenth-century western India. Previous missionary historiography has tended to focus substantially on the emergence of Scottish evangelical missionary activity in India in the early nineteenth century and most notably on Alexander Duff (1806–78). Relatively little has been written on Scottish Presbyterian missions in India in the later nineteenth century, and even less on the significance of their missionary thought to a Scottish sense of Indian empire. Through an analysis of Scottish Presbyterian missionary critiques in both vernacular Marathi and English, this article outlines the orientalist engagement of Scottish Presbyterian missionary thought with late nineteenth-century popular Hinduism. In conclusion this article demonstrates how this intellectual engagement contributed to and helped define a Scottish missionary sense of empire in India.

Making a Space for Antisemitism: The Catholic Hierarchy and the Jews in the Early Twentieth Century

Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 16 ◽

10.3828/liverpool/9781874774730.003.0024 ◽

2003 ◽

pp. 415-430

Author(s):

Brian Porter

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Common Ground ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

The Common ◽

Late Nineteenth ◽

This chapter argues that as recently as the 1880s, Catholicism, as it existed in Poland at the time, was still somewhat resistant to expressions of antisemitism. Catholicism, in other words, was configured in such a way in the late nineteenth century as to make it hard for antisemites to express their views without moving to the very edges of the Catholic framework. Catholicism and antisemitism did overlap at the time, but the common ground was much more confined than it would later become. If one moves forward fifty years, to the 1930s, one sees a different picture: the discursive boundaries of Catholicism in Poland had shifted to such a degree that antisemitism became not only possible, but also difficult to avoid. The upshot of this argument is that Catholicism in Poland is not antisemitic in any sort of essential way, and that religion did not directly generate the forms of hatred that would become so deadly and virulent in the early twentieth century. None the less, Catholicism did become amenable to antisemitism in Poland, so much so that the Church in Poland between the wars was one of the country's leading sources of prejudice and animosity.

A Homosocial Priesthood of All Believers: Laity and Gender in Interwar Sweden

Church History ◽

10.1017/s0009640719001185 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 440-464

Author(s):

Martin Nykvist

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Church Of Sweden ◽

Priesthood Of All Believers ◽

Gender Differentiation ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Church Life ◽

And Gender ◽

Around the turn of the twentieth century, there was a growing concern within the Church of Sweden that the church was, to a too large extent, managed by the clergy alone. In an attempt to give the laity a more active and influential role in the Church of Sweden, the Brethren of the Church was established in 1918. Since it was only possible for men to become members, the organization simultaneously addressed a different issue: the view that women had become a much too salient group in church life. This process was described by the Brethren and similar groups as a “feminization” of the church, a phrasing which later came to be used by historians and theologians to explain changes in Western Christianity in the nineteenth century. In other words, the Brethren considered questions of gender vital to their endeavor to create a church in which the laity held a more prominent position. This article analyzes how the perceived feminization and its assumed connection to secularization caused enhanced attempts to uphold and strengthen gender differentiation in the Church of Sweden in the early twentieth century. By analyzing an all-male lay organization, the importance of homosociality in the construction of Christian masculinities will also be discussed.

Applying Cluster Analysis to Scots Prose

Spelling Scots ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9780748643059.003.0008 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer Bann ◽

John Corbett

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Cluster Analysis ◽

Literary Texts ◽

Suitable Material ◽

Early Twentieth Century

In this chapter, we apply cluster analysis of the graphemic realisations to prose that contains a substantial element of Scots. We worked with a slightly smaller number of texts for the prose samples, owing to the limitations of suitable material in our broader corpus. The Corpus of Modern Scottish Writing contains a considerable amount of prose material, but the use of Scots in prose largely begins with fiction of the early nineteenth century, and extends to the present day. Our chosen texts illustrate a range of nineteenth-and early twentieth-century literary texts that are at least in part in Scots prose.

HOW SCIENTIFIC CONVERSATION BECAME SHOP TALK

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.1017/s0080440107000564 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

pp. 129-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

James A. Secord

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Vital Part ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Specialist Knowledge ◽

Extensive Body ◽

Shop Talk

AbstractThe expansion of print and the rise of specialist disciplines from the early nineteenth century are usually associated with a decline in informed conversation about the sciences and other forms of learning among the aristocracy, gentry and professional classes. Yet an extensive body of evidence suggests that the sciences remained a vital part of conversational culture in England at least through the 1860s. Ultimately, however, discussing specialist knowledge at parties became condemned as ‘talking shop’. This was not so much the result of changes within science, as is usually assumed, but was instead a byproduct of the increasing differentiation of roles throughout society. By the early twentieth century, scientific practitioners had created new places for broad-ranging talk about their subjects, most characteristically in the tea rooms attached to university laboratories.

Gurusand Gifting:Dana, themathreform campaign, and competing visions of Hindusangathanin twentieth-century India

Modern Asian Studies ◽

10.1017/s0026749x17000671 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 99-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MALAVIKA KASTURI

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Religious Community ◽

Religious Organizations ◽

North India ◽

Political Consciousness ◽

Religious Traditions ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Before And After

AbstractFrom the early twentieth century, Hindu socio-religious and political bodies debated the use thatmaths(monastic establishments) made of their wealth, amassed in large part throughdana(socio religious gifts). From the early nineteenth century, Anglo Hindu law on inheritance, and thereafter the Religious and Charitable Endowments Acts, had enabled the autonomy ofmathsby classifying them as private religious corporations, not charitable endowments. This article suggests that themathreform campaign between 1920 and 1940 in north India was impelled by the preoccupations of heterogeneous Hindu political and socio-religious organizations withdanaand its potential to fund cultural and political projects regenerating an imagined Hindu socio-religious community. Specifically, the Hindu Mahasabha yokeddanato its Hindusangathan(unity) campaign to strategically craft an integrated ‘Hindu public’ transcendingsampraday(religious traditions) to protect its interests from ‘external enemies’. My discussion probes how the Hindu Mahasabha and its ‘reformist’ allies urged the conversion ofmathsinto public charitable trusts, or endowments accountable to an ephemeral ‘Hindu public’ and the regulation of their expenditure. Monastic orders,guru-based associations like the Bharat Dharma Mahamandala, and the majority of orthodox Hindus successfully opposed this campaign, defending the interests ofmathsandsampradaybefore and after independence. In so doing, they challenged Hindusangathanby articulating alternative visions of the socio-religious publics and communities to be revitalized through philanthropy. Through this discussion, the article charts the uneasy relationship between monasticism and an emerging Hindu nationalist cultural and political consciousness that remained fractured and internally contested.

Comment

Slavic Review ◽

10.2307/27697961 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 68 (2) ◽

pp. 329-334

Author(s):

William M. Reddy

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Emotional Change ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Labor Camps ◽

Specific Emotion ◽

Complex Landscape ◽

State Projects

Each of these rich essays is framed as the discussion of a specific emotion or emotional attitude—the “perception of emotional coldness” (Andrei Zorin), “fear” (Jan Plamper), “disgust” (OlgaMatich and Adi Kuntsman). But these authors offer us both much less and much more. Less, because individual emotions cannot really have their own history, independent of the kinds of self or emotional styles that emerge in given periods. More, because each essay opens u p to these broader, interdependent configurations of self and emotion, creating a window on a complex landscape of emotional change. Zorin's study of Andrei Turgenev provides a glimpse of the transition from an eighteenth- to an early nineteenth-century emotional regime. Plamper's examination of the emergence of military psychology traces the development of a late nineteenth-century social science of the “psyche.” Olga Matich explores the somatic anxieties of an early twentieth-century novelist, reminiscent of a whole strain of troubled and troubling early twentieth-century reflection. Adi Kuntsman probes the powerlessness of victims of Stalinist-era labor camps, whose sufferings resemble those of millions of others caught in modernist state projects aimed at administering mass emotions.

The Township, the Pregnant Girl and the Church: Community Dynamics, Gender and Social Control in Early Nineteenth-century Scotland

Northern Scotland ◽

10.3366/nor.2019.0168 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 41-67

Author(s):

Elizabeth Ritchie

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Rural Communities ◽

Social Control ◽

Community Dynamics ◽

Church Discipline ◽

Sexual Offences ◽

Female Community ◽

The Church ◽

Unmarried Girl

In 1814 in a small Highland township an unmarried girl, ostracised by her neighbours, gave birth. The baby died. The legal precognition permits a forensic, gendered examination of the internal dynamics of rural communities and how they responded to threats to social cohesion. In the Scottish ‘parish state’ disciplining sexual offences was a matter for church discipline. This case is situated in the early nineteenth-century Gàidhealtachd where and when church institutions were less powerful than in the post-Reformation Lowlands, the focus of most previous research. The article shows that the formal social control of kirk discipline was only part of a complex of behavioural controls, most of which were deployed within and by communities. Indeed, Scottish communities and churches were deeply entwined in terms of personnel; shared sexual prohibitions; and in the use of shaming as a primary method of social control. While there was something of a ‘female community’, this was not unconditionally supportive of all women nor was it ranged against men or patriarchal structures.

Socialism and the Flow of Time in Modernity

10.1093/oso/9780199533589.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Julian Wright

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Philosophy Of History ◽

Historical Writing ◽

Doctoral Thesis ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

Flow Of Time

This chapter asks wider questions about the flow of time as it was explored in this historical writing. It focuses on Jaurès’ philosophy of history, initially through a brief discussion of his doctoral thesis and the essay entitled ‘Le bilan social du XIXème siècle’ that he provided at the end of the Histoire socialiste, then through the work of three of his collaborators, Gabriel Deville, Eugène Fournière, and Georges Renard. One of the most important challenges for socialists in the early twentieth century was to understand the damage and division caused by revolution, while not losing the transformative mission of their socialism. With these elements established, the chapter returns to Jaurès, and in particular the long study of nineteenth-century society in chapter 10 of L’Armée nouvelle. Jaurès advanced an original vision of the nineteenth century and its meaning for the socialist present.

Firearms and Princely Power in Ethiopia in the Nineteenth Century

The Journal of African History ◽

10.1017/s0021853700011968 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 609-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R. A. Caulk

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

New Technology ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Imperial Authority ◽

Early Twentieth Century ◽

National Leadership ◽

Local Leaders

Several centuries after firearms had been introduced, they were still of little importance in Ethiopia, where cavalry continued to dominate warfare until the second half of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, they were much sought after by local leaders ambitious to secure their autonomy or to grasp supreme authority. The first of these warlords to make himself emperor, Tēwodros (1855–68), owed nothing to firearms. However, his successors, Yohannis IV (1872–89) and Minīlik (d. 1913), did. Both excelled in their mastery of the new technology and acquired large quantities of quick-firing weapons. By the last quarter of the nineteenth century, possession of firearms — principally the breech loading rifle — had become a precondition for successfully contending for national leadership. Yet the wider revolution associated (as in Egypt) with the establishment of a European-style army did not follow. Nor was rearmament restricted to the following of the emperor. Despite the revival of imperial authority effected by Yohannis and Minīlik, rifles and even machine-guns were widely enough spread at the turn of the century to reinforce the fragmentation of power long characteristic of the Ethiopian state. Into the early twentieth century, it remained uncertain if the peculiar advantages of the capital in the import of arms would be made to serve centralization.