Using Momentary Time Sampling to Estimate Minutes of Physical Activity in Physical Education: Validation of Scores for the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time

2006 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Heath ◽  
Karen J. Coleman ◽  
Tera L. Lensegrav ◽  
Jennifer A. Fallon
Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Élvio R. Gouveia ◽  
Bruna R. Gouveia ◽  
Adilson Marques ◽  
Helder Lopes ◽  
Ana Rodrigues ◽  
...  

This study aimed to test an observational momentary time sampling tool to estimate in-class moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), in terms of validity, reliability and agreement between observational momentary time sampling and accelerometry, and to develop a regression equation to estimate MVPA from observational momentary time sampling. The sample comprised 78 pupils (38 girls), mean age 14.0 ± 1.1 years. Measurements were taken in three similar Physical Education classes, on three different days. To monitor MVPA, we applied the observational momentary time sampling method. Students wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. Reliabilities were determined by the intraclass correlations, the agreement between methods was analyzed using the Bland–Altman method, and a multiple regression analysis was performed to estimate the equation. The observational momentary time sampling showed good reliability across time (0.59 < r < 0.72, p < 0.001). It was significantly correlated with accelerometry (r = 0.51, p < 0.001). The MVPA assessed via accelerometer could be predicted from the following equation: Y = 44.3 + 0.47⋅(MVPA observational momentary time sampling method) + 8.0⋅(sex; with 0 = girls and 1 = boys). This observational momentary time sampling method is a stable and reliable tool to estimate MVPA. A regression equation using the score of observational momentary time sampling and sex can be used to better estimate the real MVPA.


2006 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward M. Heath ◽  
Karen J. Coleman ◽  
Tera L. Lensegrav ◽  
Jennifer A. Fallon

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Gehris ◽  
Elizabeth Myers ◽  
Robert Whitaker

Adventure-physical education has been proposed to promote adolescents’ physical development, but little is known about physical activity levels during such lessons. Using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time, we observed students’ (ages 11–14 years) physical activity levels in co-educational classes during 43 adventure-physical education lessons at seven public schools. The mean percentage (±SD) of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was 28.3% (±16.3%). The greatest percentage of lesson time was spent in two activities—high elements (24.1% ± 36.5%) and initiatives (22.3% ± 32.4%). When data were aggregated across all lessons, 40.0% of the time in high elements and 13.7% of the time in initiatives was spent in MVPA. Of all MVPA time, 31.5% occurred in high elements and another 12.6% in initiatives. Compared with traditional physical education lessons, less time is spent in MVPA during adventure lessons. Efforts to increase MVPA should target high elements and initiative activities.


2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Erwin ◽  
Aaron Beighle ◽  
Ash Routen ◽  
Ben Montemayor

The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of sit-to-stand desks in a middle school classroom. Participants used sit-to-stand desks during health class. Momentary time sampling was used for physical activity and behavioral observations. Results indicate students sat 37%, stood 59%, and walked 4% of the time. Misbehaviors occurred 4% of the observed period. The following themes emerged: focus, freedom, distractions, and design. Sit-to-stand desks appear to encourage standing during instruction while simultaneously limiting misbehaviors. Students indicated some distractions but were generally positive toward desk implementation and suggested they supported learning behaviors. The teacher echoed most of the student themes.


2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bik C. Chow ◽  
Thomas L. McKenzie ◽  
Lobo Louie

Physical activity engagement during physical education is important for many reasons, including developing physical fitness and movement skills and promoting health. Much more is known about physical activity in elementary than secondary schools. We examined physical activity and how it was influenced by instructor-related and environmental characteristics during 238 lessons taught by 65 physical education specialists in 30 randomly selected secondary schools in Hong Kong. Trained observers used SOFIT (System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time) in randomly selected grade 7–12 classes over a 6-month period. Results showed students engaged in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) about 35% of lesson time, a level similar to that found in U.S. elementary schools and short of the U.S. Healthy People 2010 objective of 50% engagement time. Multiple regression analyses found that six potentially modifiable variables contributed to 35% of the variability in lesson MVPA percent.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 651-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Weaver ◽  
Aaron Beighle ◽  
Heather Erwin ◽  
Michelle Whitfield ◽  
Michael W. Beets ◽  
...  

Background: Direct observation protocols may introduce variability in physical activity estimates. Methods: Thirty-five physical education lessons were video recorded and coded using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). A multistep process examined variability in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA%; walking + vigorous/total scans). Initially, per-SOFIT protocol MVPA% (MVPA%SOFIT) estimates were produced for each lesson. Second, true MVPA% (mean MVPA% of all students using all observations, MVPA%true) estimates were calculated. Third, MVPA% (MVPA%perm) was calculated based on all permutations of students and observation order. Fourth, physical education lessons were divided into 2 groups with 5 lessons from each group randomly selected 10,000 times. Group MVPA%perm differences between the 10 selected lessons were compared with the MVPA%true difference between group 1 and group 2. Results: Across all lessons, 10,212,600 permutations were possible (average 291,789 combinations per lesson; range = 73,440–570,024). Across lessons, the average absolute difference between MVPA%true and MVPA%SOFIT estimates was ±4.8% (range = 0.1%–17.5%). Permutations, based on students selected and observation order, indicated that the mean range of MVPA%perm estimates was 41.6% within a lesson (range = 29.8%–55.9%). Differences in MVPA% estimates between the randomly selected groups of lessons varied by 32.0%. Conclusion: MVPA% estimates from focal child observation should be interpreted with caution.


2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greet Cardon ◽  
Stefanie Verstraete ◽  
Dirk De Clercq ◽  
Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij

The main goal of the current study was to compare physical activity levels during swimming and nonswimming elementary physical education classes. We conducted a preliminary study and found that the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) could be used to register physical activity engagement levels in swimming classes. Thirty-nine classes, involving 8- to 12-year olds, participated in one swimming and one nonswimming physical education class. Classes were videotaped and physical activity levels for 234 students were quantified using SOFIT. Students engaged in more moderate-to-vigorous physical activity during swimming classes than during nonswimming classes. As a consequence, we advocate the inclusion of swimming lessons in physical education. Because the average engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was lower than the recommended 50% in 41% of swimming classes and in 77% of the nonswimming classes, however, comprehensive efforts are needed to increase physical activity levels during both types of elementary physical education classes.


2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole J. Smith ◽  
Monica A.F. Lounsbery ◽  
Thomas L. McKenzie

Background:Physical education (PE) is recommended as a source for physical activity (PA) and learning generalizable PA skills. Few studies have objectively examined high school PE, specifically its delivery, including PA, lesson contexts, and class gender composition.Methods:We used the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) to assess PA during 6 lesson contexts in 47 boys-only, 54 girls-only, and 63 coed lessons from 7 high schools. MANOVA assessed differences based on class gender composition.Results:Actual lesson length was 27.7 min, only 65% of the scheduled length of class periods. Students engaged in moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) 54% of the time, with boys being more active than girls. Game play was the most dominant context (47%), and little time was allocated to knowledge and skill development. Class size, lesson length, PA, and lesson contexts all differed by class gender composition (P < .001).Conclusions:Many differences in the conduct of high school PE are related to class gender composition. Boys accumulated more MVPA than girls. When held, PE lessons contributed about 25% of recommended daily PA minutes; improvements could be made by increasing allocations to fitness and skill practice and reducing transition and management time. Teacher professional development is warranted.


Retos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 379-384
Author(s):  
Francisca Gois ◽  
Ricardo Catunda ◽  
Elvio Rubio Gouveia ◽  
João Martins ◽  
Emilia Devantel Hercules ◽  
...  

Resumo. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar as aulas de educação física (EF) em duas escolas secundárias com metodologias de trabalho distintas. Foram avaliadas 37 aulas de EF através do System for Observing Instruction Time e calculadas as proporções médias do tempo de aula de cada comportamento do professor, do aluno, das situações do contexto da aula e o nível de atividade física (AF) proporcionado. As comparações entre escolas foram efetuadas por meio do teste T-Student. Nas duas escolas os alunos passaram muito tempo em atividades sedentárias e uma menor proporção de tempo em atividade física moderada a vigorosa, 40,1% e 38,8% para a escola A e B, respectivamente. O contexto predominante na escola A foi de atividades para aptidão física (37.2%), apresentando diferenças significativas (p<.05) em relação à escola B (2%). Na escola B predominaram os jogos estruturados (62.5%). Os professores da escola A dedicaram mais tempo às instruções gerais (41.1%), enquanto os professores da escola B ficaram mais tempo em observação (42.2%). As metodologias distintas desenvolvidas pelas escolas proporcionaram aulas de EF com reduzidas proporções de AF em níveis adequados para obtenção de benefícios à saúde.Resumen. El objetivo del estudio fue caracterizar las clases de educación física (PE) en dos escuelas secundarias con diferentes metodologías de trabajo. Se evaluaron 37 clases de educación física a través de System for Observing Instruction Time y se calcularon las proporciones promedio de tiempo de clase para cada maestro, el comportamiento del alumno, las situaciones del contexto del aula y el nivel de actividad física proporcionada. Las comparaciones entre escuelas se realizaron mediante la prueba T-Student. En ambas escuelas, los estudiantes pasaron mucho tiempo en actividades sedentarias y una menor proporción de tiempo en actividad física moderada a vigorosa, 40.1% y 38.8% para la escuela A y B, respectivamente. El contexto predominante en la escuela A fue la actividad física (37.2%), con diferencias significativas (p <.05) en relación con la escuela B (2%). En la escuela B, predominaban los juegos estructurados (62.5%). Los maestros de la escuela A dedicaron más tiempo a la instrucción general (41.1%), mientras que los maestros de la escuela B dedicaron más tiempo a la observación (42.2%). Las diferentes metodologías desarrolladas por las escuelas proporcionaron clases de educación física con proporciones reducidas de actividades físicas en niveles adecuados para obtener beneficios para la salud.Abstract. This study aimed at characterizing physical education (PE) classes in two secondary schools with different working methods. One school (A) was more sport oriented, and the other implement traditional PE classes. Thirty-seven PE classes were assessed through the System for Observing Instruction Time and the average proportions of class time for each teacher and student behavior, class context, and levels of physical activity provided were calculated. Comparisons between schools were made using the Student T-test. In both schools students spent much time in sedentary activities and a smaller proportion of time in moderate to vigorous physical activity, 40.1% and 38.8% for school A and B, respectively. In school A, teachers devoted more time to physical fitness activities (37.2%), presenting significant differences (p <.05) compared to school B (2%). In school B, structured games were predominant (62.5%). School A teachers spent more time on general instructions (41.1%), while in school B teachers spent more time on observations (42.2%). The different methodologies developed by the two schools provided PE classes with reduced physical activity proportions at adequate levels for obtaining health benefits.


2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman P. Pope ◽  
Karen J. Coleman ◽  
Eugenia C. Gonzalez ◽  
Felix Barron ◽  
Edward M. Heath

This study was designed to validate the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT5) and a modified SOFIT scale (SOFIT6) for assessing activity levels in physical education (PE) classes. Participants were 56 third- to fifth-grade students from a predominantly (98%) Hispanic school. Inter-rater reliability, using intraclass correlations, for both SOFIT5 and SOFIT5 was r = .98. The correlation for the SOFIT5 with TriTrac was r = .60 (CI = .43–.734) and the correlation for the SOFIT6 with TriTrac was r = .68 (CI = .524–.804). A six-point SOFIT scale may be more sensitive to measuring variations in light and moderate physical activity during PE classes as compared to the standard five point SOFIT scale. This has important implications for using this observation system to estimate the effects of interventions for physical activity during PE classes.


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