scholarly journals Cognitive Reflection and Theory of Mind of Go Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Marc Oliver Rieger ◽  
Mei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
East Asia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Strategic Games ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
Beauty Contest ◽  
Master Level

Go is a classical Chinese mind game and a highly popular intellectual pursuit in East Asia. In a survey at two Go tournaments (one of them the largest in Europe), we measured cognitive reflection and decision in strategic games (using the classical “beauty contest” game) (N = 327). We found that Go players in our survey had outstanding average cognitive reflection test (CRT) scores: 2.51 among all participants and 2.80 among players of high master level (dan). This value easily outperforms previous measurements, for example, of undergraduates at top universities. The CRT score was closely related to the playing strength, but not to the frequency of playing. On the other hand, frequent players tended to have higher theory of mind, regardless of their playing strengths. However, self-reported patience was not statistically significantly correlated with Go strength or playing frequency.

Cognitive Reflection Task and Stumpers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Ross ◽  
Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Shed Light

There is a type of riddle that Bar-Hillel, Noah and Frederick (2018) call “stumpers”. A stumper is a riddle which is initially intractable because the mental model or representation of the situation described in the riddle does not contain the vital information which is required to solve it. The Cognitive Reflection Task (CRT; Frederick, 2005) on the other hand relies on seemingly completely different cognitive processes. However, exploratory work from Bar-Hillel et al. (2019) suggests that success on stumpers correlates with performance on the CRT. This finding may shed light on the cognitive processes underlying both the resolution of stumpers and the CRT. We replicated the work from Bar-Hillel et al. (2019) suggesting a relationship between performance on the CRT and performance on stumpers as well as extending this to show a relationship between performance on the CRT-v. This may point to the underexplored importance of suppression in solving stumpers and traditional riddles.

scholarly journals Developmental evidence for enhanced theory of mind for competitive versus cooperative contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Tsoi ◽  
Kiley Hamlin ◽  
Adam Waytz ◽  
Andrew Scott Baron ◽  
Liane Young
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Mental States ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Person ◽  
False Beliefs ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

There is a debate regarding the function of theory of mind (ToM), the capacity to infer, attribute, and reason about mental states. On the one hand are evolutionary and psychological work suggesting that ToM is greater for competition than cooperation. On the other hand are findings and theories promoting greater ToM for cooperation than competition. We investigate the question of whether ToM is greater for competition than cooperation or vice versa by examining the period of development during which explicit ToM comes online. In two studies, we examined preschool children’s abilities to explicitly express an understanding of false beliefs—a key marker of ToM—and ability to apply that understanding in first-person social interactions in competitive and cooperative contexts. Our findings reveal that preschool children are better at understanding false beliefs and applying that understanding in competitive contexts than in cooperative contexts.

China, Japan, and Their Neighbors

Worldview ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Robert W. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
Project Performance ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supreme Court Justice ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Total Lack

Two countries in East Asia prompt students and visitors to think of them as likely to occupy, in the twenty-first century, a commanding world position. I have in mind, of course, that writers like Norman Macrae of the Economist and Herman Kahn of the Hudson Institute look at the Japanese system and project performance that will place Japan in the very forefront of world economies within the next twenty-five years—and this despite the relatively small size of the country and its almost total lack of natural resources. On the other hand, visitors like former Supreme Court Justice Douglas, Kenneth Scott Galbraith of Harvard, and many others have visited China and left it saying, in effect: “I have seen the future, and it works!”

scholarly journals Hubungan Umara dan Ulama dalam Membentuk Kehidupan Sosio-Relijius di Aceh Darussalam Masa Sultan Iskandar Muda (The Relation of Umara and Ulama in Shaping Socio-Religious life in Aceh Darussalam under Sultan Iskandar Muda’s Period)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Gazali Gazali
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Social Problem ◽  
Social System ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Islamic Rituals

ABSTRACTUmara (the ruler) and ulama (islamic scolar) are two elite groups which are showing an elemental instrument for developing Aceh Darussalam. In the age of Iskandar Muda, there is a truly work-grouping which are filling with many work of them. In the capital kingdom, Hamzah Fansuri and Syamsuddin as-Sumatra’i had played a multidimensional role for strengthern and eriching Aceh as a central Islamic knowledge and Malay literature in South East Asia. They had known as Islamic scholar, diplomat and bishop. Their existence in the sultan palace helped other Sultan’s cabinet for finishing many social problem, include acts arragement, legalizing an prudence and many more. In the other hand, the relation of ulama-umara also seen in village or out-palace life. There are a social system which is based on their activities. In people of Aceh’s ayes, their position regarded as a leader of social and spiritual life. Meunasah, a place that is used for, daily islamic rituals studying many various of islamic knowledge, discussion about social needing, is crowded by their activities. Teungku meunasah, ulama that is leading in meunasah, is the most outstanding men in their society. With keuchik, imeum mukim or uleebalang, they applicate the idea of developing humanity. There is a passion which is created from their bounderies. This article talks about how the relation of umara and ulama is working. This explanation presented their mutual undersatnsing to solve various problem of social-religious life. From that point, we can get some pictures which is describes how the condition of dynamic of social structure of Aceh.Keywords: Relation, Mutual-Working And Social-Religious LifeABSTRAKUmara (pemimpin) dan ulama (sarjana Islam) adalah dua grup elit yang menampilkan instrumen dasar dari perkembangan Aceh Darussalam. Di masa Sultan Iskandar Muda, banyak ditemukan produk-produk kerja sosial dari kerjasama mereka. Di ibukota kerajaan, Hamzah Fansuri dan Symasuddin as-Sumatra’i memainkan peran multiaspek guna mengembangkan Aceh sebagai pusat keilmuan dan sastra Melayu di Asia tenggara. Mereka dikenal sebagai sarjana Islam, diplomat, dan Syeikhul Islam. keberadaan mereka di istana Aceh ikut membantu Sultan dalam memecahkan pelbagai masalah sosial, termasuk menyusun undang-undang, menerbitkan kebijakan dan lain sebagainya. Di sisi lain, hubungan umara dan ulama juga terlihat di pedesaan Aceh. Di sana terdapat sistem sosial yang terbentuk karena keduanya. Di mata orang Aceh, kedudukan mereka diakui sebagai pemimpin dalam kehidupan sosial dan spiritual. Meunasah, suatu tempat yang biasa digunakan sebagai beribadah sehari-hari, belajar ilmu-ilmu agama dan bermusyawarah, diramaikan oleh aktivitas mereka. Teuku meunasah, ulama yang betanggung jawab di meunasah, adalah orang yang dimulyakan di lingkungannya. Bersama dengan keuchik, imeum mukim dan uleebalang mereka mengaplikasikan gagasan untuk mengembangkan kemanusiaan. Hubungan mereka dilingkupi oleh suatu kepaduan dalam bertindak. Artikel ini menerangkan tentang bagaimana relasi umara-ulama berjalan. Pemaparan ini menghadirkan suatu kesepemahaman bersama untuk menyelesaikan masalah sosio-relijius masyarakat. Pada titik ini, kita bisa memperoleh gambaran yang menjelaskan bagaimana kondisi pasang surut struktur sosial di Aceh.Kata kunci: Relasi, Kerja Sama, Kehidupan Sosio-Relijius.

The Reinterpretation of Chinese Buddhism

1965 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holmes Welch
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
The Other ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Chinese Buddhism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Communist Government ◽  
Chinese Buddhists

China was the second country in the Buddhist world to have a Communist government. The first was Mongolia. But Mongolia was isolated both geographically and by its form of Buddhism (shared only with Tibet). Chinese Buddhists, on the other hand, had been building closer ties with their brethren in South-East Asia for more than half a century. Their form of Buddhism was less remote from South-East Asian forms and they felt the same need as South-East Asian to fit Buddhism into a national revival.

scholarly journals Prevalence of antibiotic use and household water-sanitation risk factors of acute watery diarrhea among children <5 years: retrospective analysis of multicounty health survey data, 2006-2018

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Shakil Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Antibiotic Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The Other ◽  
Watery Diarrhea ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Acute Watery Diarrhea

Abstract A total 12,69,944 under five year Childs were included in this study among them 1,80,067 Childs were acute watery diarrhea (AWD) and 19,502 Childs were bloody diarrhea respectively. Among them 47,755 Childs were taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The overall prevalence of acute watery diarrhea ~ 14% (prevalence = 0.142; 95% CI = 0.141, 0.142). On the other hand the prevalence of bloody diarrhea ~ 2% (prevalence = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.015, 0.016). The prevalence of antibiotic treatment for AWD was ~ 27% (prevalence = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.26, 0.27) among the under five years old children in DH survey regions in the world. The prevalence of acute watery diarrhea was higher ~ 17% (prevalence = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.16, 0.17) in the Latin America DHS survey region. The minimum prevalence of AWD was almost equal between South East Asia and Central Asia DHS survey regions ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.11, 0.12) and ~ 12% (prevalence = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.10, 0.13) respectively. On the other hand the prevalence of AWD between Europe and West North and Central Africa DHS survey regions ~ 16% (prevalence = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.15, 0.16) and ~ 15% (prevalence = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.15) correspondingly. In the central Asia of 15,089 under five Childs were included in the survey. Among them 1,748 Childs were AWD and 967 Childs had taken antibiotic treatment for AWD. The highest prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD in Central Asia ~ 55% (prevalence=(967/1748) = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.52, 0.59) and Europe DH survey region ~ 44% (prevalence=(5483/12502) = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.43, 0.45). The lowest prevalence of antibiotic use for under five Child AWD was ~ 23% (prevalence=(11918/51328) = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.22, 0.24) in the DH survey region South East Asia. On the other hand the DH survey region Latin America and West North and Central Africa region the prevalence of antibiotic use for AWD were ~ 30% (prevalence=(7887/26396) = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.29, 0.31) and ~ 24% (prevalence=(21500/88093) = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.23, 0.24). The South East Asia DH survey region countries DHS 2007 (Bangladesh), DHS 2014 and 2010 (Cambodia), DHS 2017 and 2012 (Indonesia), DHS 2009 (Maldives), DHS 2015–2016 (Myanmar), DHS 2012–2013 (Pakistan), DHS 2017 and 2013 (Philippines), and DHS 2009–2010 (Timor-Leste) were higher risk of AWD for drinking unimproved water sources. The prevalence of antibiotic use for u5c AWD was shown highest prevalence in DHS 2007 (~ 44%), DHS 2012 (~ 49%), DHS 2016 (~ 40%), and DHS 2017 (~ 65%) from DH survey 2006 to 2018 in South East & Central Asia. The linear trend analysis showed that upward trend for using antibiotic of AWD in the South East & Central Asia DH survey region.

scholarly journals Max Weber und der „konfuzianische Kapitalismus“

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (119) ◽  
pp. 281-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Pohlmann
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Empirical Base ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

In explanations of the path of capitalist development in East Asia, the idea of „confucian capitalism” became well accepted in the past two decades. Turning on the one hand Weber upside down (by changing the direction of his explanation) , most authors did rely on the other hand on his theoretical approach. But, by comparing Webers approach with the mode of explanation applied in recent studies, the article does reveal the theoretical flaws as well as the weak empirical base of the intended cultural explanations. „Confucian capitalism” seems not only to be a rather misleading catchphrase, but as such also a barreer to sound cultural explanations of capitalist development.

scholarly journals The Natural Syntax of Local Coreference

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
William O'Grady
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

Emergentist approaches to language are burdened with two responsibilities in contemporary cognitive science. On the one hand, they must offer a different and better understanding of the well-known phenomena that appear to support traditional formal approaches to language. On the other hand, they must extend the search for alternative explanations beyond the familiar languages of Europe and East Asia. I pursue this joint endeavor here by outlining an emergentist account for constraints on local anaphora in English and Balinese, with a view to showing that, despite numerous proposals to the contrary, the two languages manifest essentially the same system of coreference and that the system in question is shaped by processing pressures rather than grammatical principles.

RETHINKING “ASEAN CENTRALITY” IN THE REGIONAL GOVERNANCE OF EAST ASIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 721-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEE SENG TAN
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Regional Governance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Asian Regionalism ◽  
Slow Progress ◽  
Regional Architecture

Of late, the principle of ASEAN centrality has come under strain as various stakeholders of East Asia’s evolving regional architecture have questioned ASEAN’s ability and will to lead the region effectively. Recent signs of disunity among ASEAN member countries and the slow progress made towards establishing the ASEAN Community have not helped ASEAN’s case either. On the other hand, even critics of ASEAN grudgingly admit that no regional arrangement in East Asia would likely succeed without ASEAN’s involvement in a leading capacity. Against that backdrop, there are at least five interrelated ways ASEAN centrality has been understood and appropriated by its devotees and detractors alike. Centrality has been defined in terms of ASEAN as leader or driver, as convener or facilitator, as hub or key node, as an agent of (proposed) progress (and not just process), and as little more than an expedient device to preserve ASEAN’s primacy in Asian regionalism and to ward off any form of architectural renovation which could lead to its marginalization.

From Manchukuo to Marriage: Localizing Contemporary Cross-Border Marriages between Japan and Northeast China

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chigusa Yamaura
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Phenomenon ◽  
Marriage Migration ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
The One

This essay examines Japanese-Chinese arranged cross-border marriages and investigates the ways in which participants legitimate and render such marriages comprehensible in light of national and local histories. Marriageability in this context is produced not through conceptions of “exotic difference” but instead distinct discourses of “familiarity.” On the one hand, Chinese participants tactically narrate “blood ties” (xueyuan guanxi 血缘关系) to interpret current marriage migration as following relational bonds and thus a “natural” phenomenon. On the other hand, Japanese participants stress Chinese women's “familiarity” (shinkin kan 親近感) with Japan, a familiarity that is claimed to stem from positive historical ties forged by colonialism, and thus effaces Japanese wartime culpability. In short, multiple layered notions of familiarity, shaped by the colonial legacy in East Asia, are at work in rendering these transnational intimate relations possible.

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