Comparative Study of PVC-Free All-Solid-State, PVC Membrane, and Carbon Paste Ion-Selective Electrodes for the Determination of Dapoxetine Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation

Abstract The potentiometric response characteristics and analytical applications of a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)-free all-solid-state ion-selective electrode for dapoxetine hydrochloride (DAP) are examined. The Nernstian response of the electrode was evaluated by comparison with PVC-based liquid membrane and carbon paste electrodes. The PVC-free electrode is prepared by direct incorporation of dapoxetine-tetraphenyl borate (DAP–TPB) as a sensing element into a commercial nail varnish containing cellulose acetate propionate. The composite was applied onto a 3 mm diameter graphite disk electrode. The electrode exhibited a Nernstian slope of 56.0 mV/decade in the concentration range of 1 × 10−4 to 1 × 10−2 mol/L with an LOD of 2 × 10−5 mol/L. The electrode is independent of pH in the range of 2 to 6 and showed good selectivity for DAP with respect to a large number of inorganic cations and amino acids. Comparable Nernstian slope, sensitivity, pH range, and selectivity pattern were obtained with a PVC membrane and a carbon paste incorporating DAP–TPB as a sensing element and dioctylphthalate as a solvent mediator. The electrodes were used for the determination of DAP in pure solution and in tablets without extraction with high accuracy and precision (RSD ≤ 2%). The nail varnish solid-state electrode is simple, economical, and rapid when compared with PVC membrane and carbon paste electrodes.

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All-Solid-State, PVC Membrane, and Carbon Paste Ion-Selective Electrodes for Determination of Donepezil Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation

Journal of AOAC International ◽

10.5740/jaoacint.16-0299 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 100 (5) ◽

pp. 1414-1419

Author(s):

Nesreen Khamees ◽

Tagreed Abdel-Fattah Mohamed ◽

Abeer Rashad Derar ◽

Azza Aziz

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulation ◽

Pvc Membrane ◽

Ion Selective Electrodes ◽

Carbon Paste ◽

Pharmaceutical Tablets ◽

Carbon Paste Electrodes ◽

Potentiometric Response ◽

Donepezil Hydrochloride

Abstract All-solid-state, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane, and carbon paste potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) were proposed for the determination of donepezil hydrochloride (DON) in the drug substance and a pharmaceutical formulation. The potentiometric response toward DON was based on the existence ofdonepezil-tetraphenyl borate (DON-TPB) in a PVC membrane or a carbon paste in the presence of dioctylphthalate. In contrast, the solid-state electrode was prepared by direct incorporation of DON-TPB into a commercial nail varnish without external additives. The electrodes exhibited Nernstian slopes of 55.0, 57.0, and 53.0 mV/decade over the concentration ranges of 1 × 10−5 to 1 × 10−3, 1 × 10−4 to 10−2, and 1 × 10−4 to 5 × 10−3 for the solid-state, PVC membrane, and carbon paste electrodes, respectively. The response of the electrodes is independent of pH in the range of 2–≤8. The electrodes showed good selectivity for DON with respect to a number of inorganic cations and amino acids. The electrodes were used for the determination of DON in pure solution and in pharmaceutical tablets with high accuracy (±2%) and precision (RSD ≤2%). The solid-state electrode is simple, economical, and rapid when compared to the PVC membrane and carbon paste electrodes.

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Polyvinyl Chloride Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes for Sensitive Determination of Levofloxacin Drug in Serum, Urine, and Pharmaceutical Formulations

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21093150 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 3150

Author(s):

Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem ◽

Sonia Mahmoud ◽

Nour Eldin T. Abdel-Ghani ◽

Rasha Mohamed El Nashar ◽

Mikhael Bechelany ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Pharmaceutical Preparation ◽

Pharmaceutical Formulations ◽

Selectivity Coefficient ◽

Pvc Membrane ◽

Carbon Paste ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Carbon Paste Electrodes ◽

Antibiotic Drug

Levofloxacin (LF) is a medically important antibiotic drug that is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. In this study, three highly sensitive and selective carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were fabricated for potentiometric determination of the LF drug: (i) CPEs filled with carbon paste (referred to as CPE); (ii) CPE coated (drop-casted) with ion-selective PVC membrane (referred to as C-CPE); (iii) CPE filled with carbon paste modified with a plasticizer (PVC/cyclohexanone) (referenced as P-CPE). The CPE was formulated from graphite (Gr, 44.0%) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO, 3.0%) as the carbon source, tricresyl phosphate (TCP, 47.0%) as the plasticizer; sodium tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] borate (St-TFPMB, 1.0%) as the ion exchanger; and levofloxacinium-tetraphenylborate (LF-TPB, 5.0%) as the lipophilic ion pair. It showed a sub-Nernstian slope of 49.3 mV decade−1 within the LF concentration range 1.0 × 10−2 M to 1.0 × 10−5 M, with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10−5 M. The PVC coated electrode (C-CPE) showed improved sensitivity (in terms of slope, equal to 50.2 mV decade−1) compared to CPEs. After the incorporation of PVC paste on the modified CPE (P-CPE), the sensitivity increased at 53.5 mV decade−1, indicating such improvement. The selectivity coefficient (log KLF2+,Fe+3pot.) against different interfering species (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Glycine, Glucose, Maltose, Lactose) were significantly improved by one to three orders of magnitudes in the case of C-CPE and P-CPE, compared to CPEs. The modification with the PVC membrane coating significantly improved the response time and solubility of the LF-TPB within the electrode matrix and increased the lifetime. The constructed sensors were successfully applied for LF determination in pharmaceutical preparation (Levoxin® 500 mg), spiked urine, and serum samples with high accuracy and precision.

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Neodymium(III) PVC Membrane Electrodchemical Sensor Based on N-benzoylethylidene-2-aminobenzylamine

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2012/145812 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 1941-1950 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hassan Ali Zamani ◽

Mojdeh Zaferoni ◽

Soraia Meghdadi

Keyword(s):

Alkaline Earth ◽

High Selectivity ◽

Pvc Membrane ◽

Indicator Electrode ◽

Solution Ph ◽

Response Characteristics ◽

Potentiometric Response ◽

Nernstian Slope ◽

Mouth Wash

The N-benzoylethylidene-2-aminobenzylamine (BEA) was used as a suitable ionophore in construction of neodymium ion selective electrode. The electrode with composition of 30% PVC, 58% solvent mediator (NB), 2% ionophore (BEA) and 10% anionic additive (OA) shows the best potentiometric response characteristics. The Nd3+sensor exhibits a Nernstian slope of 21.2 ± 0.2 mV decade-1over the concentration range of 1.0 × 10-6to 1.0 × 10-2mol L-1, and a detection limit of 6.3 × 10-7mol L-1of Nd3+ions. The potentiometric response of the sensor is independent of the solution pH in the range of 2.4–8.5. It has a very short response time, in the whole concentration range (~7 s), and can be used for at least eight weeks. The proposed sensor revealed high selectivity with respect to all common alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions, including members of the lanthanide family other than Nd3+. The Nd3+sensor was successfully applied as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Nd3+ions with EDTA. The electrode was also employed for the determination of the fluoride ion in two mouth wash preparations.

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Fabrication and evaluation of potentiometric sensors of an anticancer drug (Gemcitabine)

European Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.5155/eurjchem.11.1.21-29.1950 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 21-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Iyad Darweesh Al-Kashef ◽

Salman Mostafa Saadeh ◽

Khalid Ibrahim Abed Almonem ◽

Nasser Mohammed Abu Ghalwa ◽

Hazem Mohammed Abu Shawish

Keyword(s):

Anticancer Drug ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Inorganic Ions ◽

Potentiometric Sensors ◽

Pvc Membrane ◽

Carbon Paste ◽

Curve Method ◽

Nernstian Slope ◽

Ph Range

Accurate, rapid and inexpensive determination of gemcitabine, an anticancer drug, is of high interest. This manuscript describes the use of potentiometric sensors as a basis for this work given their known attractive characteristics that meet our needs. Potentiometric sensors were comprised of carbon paste S1, coated wire S2 and PVC membrane S3, of gemcitabine (an anticancer drug) were fabricated, studied and evaluated. The calibration plots for these electrodes showed a Nernstian slope of 58.4±0.3, 59.5±0.3 and 58.3±0.3 mV per decade with the limit of detection: 6.50×10-5, 7.20×10-5 and 4.60×10-5 for sensors S1, S2 and S3, respectively. The electrodes have a short and stable response time of ~5 seconds and good reproducibility in a pH range of 2.5-9.5. The present sensors show distinct selectivity toward the drug ion in comparison to several inorganic ions, sugars, amino acids and some common drug excipients. Gemcitabine was determined successfully in ampoules and urine using these sensors by the calibration curve method.

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Influence of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dot and Silver Nanoparticle Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes on the Potentiometric Determination of Tobramycin Sulfate: A Comparative Study

Chemosensors ◽

10.3390/chemosensors9030052 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 52

Author(s):

Nermine V. Fares ◽

Passant M. Medhat ◽

Christine M. El Maraghy ◽

Sherif Okeil ◽

Miriam F. Ayad

Keyword(s):

Silver Nanoparticle ◽

Carbon Nanodots ◽

Carbon Paste ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Loteprednol Etabonate ◽

Carbon Paste Electrodes ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Nernstian Slope ◽

Nitrogen Doped Carbon ◽

Modified Carbon Paste Electrodes

Two inexpensive and simple methods for synthesis of carbon nanodots were applied and compared to each other, namely a hydrothermal and microwave-assisted method. The synthesized carbon nanodots were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized microwave carbon nanodots had smaller particle size and were thus chosen for better electrochemical performance. Therefore, they were used for our modification process. The proposed electrodes performance characteristics were evaluated according to the IUPAC guidelines, showing linear response in the concentration range 10−6–10−2, 10−7–10−2, and 10−8–10−2 M of tobramycin with a Nernstian slope of 52.60, 58.34, and 57.32 mV/decade for the bare, silver nanoparticle and carbon nanodots modified carbon paste electrodes, respectively. This developed potentiometric method was used for quantification of tobramycin in its co-formulated dosage form and spiked human plasma with good recovery percentages and without interference of the co-formulated drug loteprednol etabonate and excipients.

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Enhanced solid-state electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy)32+with nano-CeO2modified carbon paste electrode and its application in tramadol determination

Analytical Methods ◽

10.1039/c4ay02772h ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. 1936-1942 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Morteza Hosseini ◽

Mohammad Reza Karimi Pur ◽

Parviz Norouzi ◽

Mohammad Reza Moghaddam ◽

Farnoush Faridbod ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Carbon Paste Electrode ◽

Carbon Paste ◽

Paste Electrode

A sensitized solid-state electrochemiluminescence (ECL) was successfully used for the determination of tramadol. The ECL signal was produced by a sensitive Ru(bpy)32+-tramadol reactions.

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Determination of meloxicam in plasma samples using a highly selective and sensitive voltammetric sensor based on carbon paste electrodes modified by molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle–multiwall carbon nanotubes

Analytical Methods ◽

10.1039/c4ay02034k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 1280-1292 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Saman Azodi-Deilami ◽

Ebadullah Asadi ◽

Majid Abdouss ◽

Fardin Ahmadi ◽

Alireza Hassani Najafabadi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Voltammetric Sensor ◽

Plasma Samples ◽

Carbon Paste ◽

Imprinted Polymer ◽

Molecularly Imprinted ◽

Carbon Paste Electrodes ◽

Multiwall Carbon

A highly selective voltammetric sensor for the determination of meloxicam using a MIP@MWCNT–CPE is introduced.

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Determination of chloramphenicol by differential pulse voltammetry at carbon paste electrodes – The use of sodium sulfite for removal of oxygen from electrode surface

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc2011011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 76 (5) ◽

pp. 383-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ferenc T. Pastor ◽

Hana Dejmková ◽

Jiří Zima ◽

Jiří Barek

Keyword(s):

Differential Pulse Voltammetry ◽

Glassy Carbon ◽

Sodium Sulfite ◽

Differential Pulse ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Carbon Paste ◽

Tricresyl Phosphate ◽

Carbon Paste Electrodes ◽

Pulse Voltammetry

The possibility of determination of chloramphenicol by differential pulse voltammetry at four different carbon paste electrodes, in the full pH range (2–12) of Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer was investigated. Electrodes were prepared by mixing spectroscopic graphite powder or glassy carbon microbeads with mineral oil (Nujol) or tricresyl phosphate. Under optimal conditions (BR buffer pH 12, the electrode prepared from glassy carbon microbeads and tricresyl phosphate), linear calibration graph was obtained only in 10–5 M chloramphenicol concentration range. Determination of lower concentrations of chloramphenicol was complicated by irreproducible peak of oxygen from the carbon paste which overlapped with peak of chloramphenicol. Addition of sodium sulfite removed the oxygen peak without influence on the peak of chloramphenicol. Under optimal conditions (electrode paste made from glassy carbon microbeads, BR buffer pH 10 and 0.5 M sodium sulfite), straight calibration line was obtained in the 10–6 and 10–5 M chloramphenicol concentration range. Limit of determination was 5 × 10–7 mol/l.

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