A review on the applications of Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides in drug delivery systems

Traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides (TCMPs) are plentiful and renewable resources with properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, biodegradability, and low cytotoxicity. Because the polysaccharide molecular chain contains a variety of active groups, different polysaccharide derivatives can be easily produced through chemical modification. They have been increasingly used in drug delivery systems (DDS). However, the potential of polysaccharides is usually ignored due to their structural complexity, poor stability or ambiguity of mechanisms of actions. This review summarized the applications of TCMPs in DDS around four main aspects. The general characteristics of TCMPs as drug delivery carriers, as well as the relationships between structure and function of them were summarized. Meanwhile, the direction of preparing multifunctional drug delivery materials with synergistic effect by using TCMPs was discussed. This review aims to become a reference for further research of TCMPs and their derivatives, especially applications of them as carriers in pharmaceutical preparation industry.

Biological Implications of a Stroke Therapy Based in Neuroglobin Hyaluronate Nanoparticles. Neuroprotective Role and Molecular Bases

Exogenous neuroprotective protein neuroglobin (Ngb) cannot cross the blood–brain barrier. To overcome this difficulty, we synthesized hyaluronate nanoparticles (NPs), able to deliver Ngb into the brain in an animal model of stroke (MCAO). These NPs effectively reached neurons, and were microscopically identified after 24 h of reperfusion. Compared to MCAO non-treated animals, those treated with Ngb-NPs showed survival rates up to 50% higher, and better neurological scores. Tissue damage improved with the treatment, but no changes in the infarct volume or in the oxidative/nitrosative values were detected. A proteomics approach (p-value < 0.02; fold change = 0.05) in the infarcted areas showed a total of 219 proteins that significantly changed their expression after stroke and treatment with Ngb-NPs. Of special interest, are proteins such as FBXO7 and NTRK2, which were downexpressed in stroke, but overexpressed after treatment with Ngb-NPs; and ATX2L, which was overexpressed only under the effect of Ngb. Interestingly, the proteins affected by the treatment with Ngb were involved in mitochondrial function and cell death, endocytosis, protein metabolism, cytoskeletal remodeling, or synaptic function, and in regenerative processes, such as dendritogenesis, neuritogenesis, or sinaptogenesis. Consequently, our pharmaceutical preparation may open new therapeutic scopes for stroke and possibly for other neurodegenerative pathologies.

Sterility Test of Syringes As A Pharmaceutical Preparation That Obtained From Pasar Pramuka

Syringes are one of the pharmaceutical preparations that are in high demand. In healthcare institutions, syringes are used to aid in patient care and examination. Pharmaceutical preparations, such as various syringes, are widely available in the Pasar Pramuka. Syringes must be free from microbes and used syringes should not be reused. Microbiological sterility tests can be performed on a syringe to determine whether it is sterile or not. The purpose of the study is to test the sterility of syringes obtained from the Pasar Pramuka. A random sample of a syringe is being used in the study as an experimental method. The syringes were isolated and incubated for 14 days in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM) and Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) at 30-35 oC and 20-25 oC, respectively, with frequent observations. If FTM and TSB media were turbid, then isolated into selective media based on their microbe as controls, namely Clostridium sporogenes ATCC 19404, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Salmonella typhi. The results showed that the B syringe was turbid on FTM media and did not contain pathogenic microbes after being identified on selective media, as in controls. The A and C syringes on TSB media were turbid, and after identification on selective media, Candida albicans and Aspergillus brasiliensis were found. In conclusion, the A, B, and C syringes are not steril.

Pharmaceutical Preparation and Standardization of Swarna Vanga and Its Clinical Efficacy as Adjuvant to Reduce Adverse Effects of Chemotherapy with Special Reference to Its Rasayana Property

Cancer is most dreadful disease affecting mankind. Many innovative healing modalities and hundreds of cancer treatments have resulted from extensive research. With chemotherapy and radiotherapy, surgical excision is the oldest and most tested method. This leads to therapy problems, poor health, and a decline in quality of life, all of which necessitate treatment discontinuation. Anorexia, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, and mucositis can all be caused by psychological causes. The anorexiacachexia syndrome is the most common cause of death among cancer patients. Cancer cachexia is characterised by metabolic, hormonal, and cytokine abnormalities that lead to progressive wasting. Swarna Vanga is a Kupipakwa Rasayana mentioned in Rasatarangini. Chemically it is stannous sulphide containing Shuddha Parad, Shuddha Vanga, Shuddha Gandhak, Shuddha Navasadar. Till today, no study has been carried out using Swarna Vanga for its Rasayana and Balya properties. Hence an attempt was given to study the pharmaceutical preparation, standardization and clinical efficacy of the drug in reducing adverse effects of chemotherapy with special reference to its Rasayana property through this dissertation. Thus the present study entitled “Pharmaceutical preparation and standardization of Swarna Vanga and its clinical efficacy as adjuvant to reduce adverse effects of chemotherapy with special reference to its Rasayana property” was carried out. Keywords: Swarna Vanga, adjuvant, Rasayana, cancer, chemotherapy, adverse effects, standardization.

Evaluasi Manajemen Pengelolaan Obatdi Instalasi Farmasi Rumah Sakit Tipe C Se-Kabupaten Tegal Tahun 2021

Drug logistics management plays an important role in improving pharmaceutical services in hospital pharmacy installations and is one of the aspects to determine the success of rational treatment programs in hospitals. This study aims to determine the implementation of pharmaceutical preparation service standards in accordance with the Technical Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Services Standards in Hospitals in 2019. The method used in this study is descriptive using a total sampling technique of 42 respondents with an average age of 26-35 years. who are female and male with the last education of the pharmacist profession. The results of the evaluation of this study are that the management of drug logistics in type C hospitals throughout Tegal Regency in the process of selecting, receiving, storing, distributing and controlling is appropriate (100%), planning needs according to (90.5%), destruction according to (97, 6%) and administration in accordance with (81%) Technical Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Services Standards in Hospitals in 2019Keywords: Management; Drug Logistics; Evaluation AbstrakManajemen pengelolaan logistic obat sangatlah berperan penting dalam meningkatkan pelayanan kefarmasian di Instalasi farmasi rumah sakit dan salah satu aspek untuk menentukan suksesnya program pengobatan secara rasional di Rumah Sakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan standard pelayanan pengelolaan sediaan farmasi yang sesuai dengan Petunjuk Teknis Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian Di Rumah Sakit Tahun 2019. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling sebanyak 42 responden dengan rata-rata berusia 26-35 tahun yang berjenis kelamin perempuan dan laki-laki dengan berpendidikan terakhir profesi apoteker. Hasil evaluasi dari penelitian ini bahwa pengelolaan logistic obat di rumah sakit tipe C se-Kabupaten Tegal dalam proses pemilihan, penerimaan, penyimpanan, pendistribusian dan pengendaliansesuai (100%), perencanaan kebutuhan sesuai (90,5%), pemusnahan sesuai (97,6%) dan administrasi sesuai (81%) Petunjuk Teknis Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Rumah Sakit Tahun 2019.Kata kunci: Manajemen; Logistik Obat; Evaluasi

Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Resveratrol and Piperine in Its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form

Resveratrol is a plant compound that work as antioxidant and it also has anti-aging properties whereas Piperine is a alkaloid and it majorly used in spices. A HPTLC (High performance thin layer chromatography) study is conducted for estimation of Resveratrol and Piperine. The Mobile phase used was Chloroform: Ethyl Acetate (50:50 v/v). Rf Value of Resveratrol 0.59 and Piperine 0.79 was found. Stationary phase of Silica gel 60 F254 was used. Densitometric analysis was performed at 325 nm. The method was found to be linear. Recovery (ranging from 97% to 102.24 %), limit of detection (40.26 ng/spot, 1.64 ng/spot respectively for resveratrol & piperine), limit of quantification (122.02 ng/spot, 4.98 ng/spot respectively for resveratrol & piperine) and precision (≤ 2.00%) were found to be satisfactory. Validation performed with linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantification. Every parameter found within the range. The developed method allows to confirm that an accurate and reliable potency measurement of a pharmaceutical preparation can be performed.

Validated Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Determination of Avanafil and Dapoxetine Hydrochloride in their Pure form and Pharmaceutical Preparation

Aims: In this study, a simple, green, and rapid capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method coupled with a diode array detector (DAD) was applied for the analysis of avanafil (AVA) and dapoxetine hydrochloride (DAP) as a binary mixture using vardenafil (VAR) as an internal standard (IS) in pure form and pharmaceutical formulation. Methodology: The separation was done using fused silica capillary (58.5 cm total length, 50 cm effective length, and 50 μm internal diameter) and the running background electrolyte (BGE) was 100 mM acetate buffer at pH 3.6. During the separation process, the applied voltage was 30 KV, while the temperature was 25 °C. The sample injection was applied at a pressure of 50 mbar for 10 s, and detection was carried out at 210 nm for DAP and 248 nm for AVA and VAR. Results: Analysis of the tested drugs and the internal standard was carried out in less than 6.5 min, where the migration times were 4.29, 4.90, and 6.02 min for IS, DAP and AVA respectively. The proposed method showed linearity in the concentration range 5-80 and 5-70 μg/mL with correlation coefficients 0.9996 and 0.9999 for AVA and DAP respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.523 and 0.531 for AVA and DAP respectively, while the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1.585 and 1.608 in respective order. The Peak purity and identity in the proposed method were validated by DAD. Conclusion: The proposed CZE method was validated according to ICH guidelines and applied successfully for the estimation of AVA and DAP in their combined pharmaceutical preparation.

PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY OF MUTTA TAILA

Sahasrayoga is a popular book on the Keraleeya tradition of Ayurvedic treatment. Sahasrayogam means one thousand formulations and on a rough estimate, it appears that the number of formulations varies from 700 to 1200 in various versions. It also appears that the number of formulations has been added periodically to the original text based on their practical experiences, which increased the total number of formulations. Mutta Taila is an Ayurvedic medicated oil mentioned in classical text Sahasrayoga in which the ingredients are egg yolks, Kumari and Nimba Taila. It is also mentioned in Siddha medicine in the name of Anda Taila by Abdulla Sahib’s Anubhava Vaidhya Navaneedham. This preparation is used in the treatment of Sanniroga (Delirium), fever with sluggishness, convulsions, and paralysis in children. It is also indicated in cerebral palsy. In the present study, a step is made to do the pharmaceutical preparation of Mutta Taila. An attempt has been made to do the pharmaceutical study of Mutta Taila. Mutta Taila was prepared as per the traditional method and evaluated for its organoleptic characteristics. The final product of Mutta Taila was having the desired consistency and quality. The yield of Mutta Taila was less with more quantity of egg yolks. The importance of adding Nimba Taila in the process of Mutta Taila preparation was discussed. In the present study, the detailed pharmaceutical process of Mutta Taila preparation and observations with changes observed in physical parameters has been discussed.

Chemical and enzymatic destruction of chondroitin sulfate from Arctic skate

Due to its biocompatibility with human and animal tissues, low toxicity, and biodegradability, chondroitin sulfate (CS) is of great interest for medicine. Since CS is used as a pharmaceutical preparation, its molecular weight and solubility determine the possibilities of its use. This work presents the results of studying the chemical and enzymatic destruction of CS macromolecules and its effect on the molecular weight, solubility and crystallinity degree of the polysaccharide. CS was obtained from the cartilaginous tissue of the Arctic skate ( Amblyraja hyperborea ). At the stage of cartilage tissue fermentolysis, the enzymes pancreatin, hepatopancreatin and protosubtil were used. The obtained CS samples were identified by IR spectroscopy. Enzymatic destruction of glycosidic bonds in cholesterol macromolecules was carried out with a 1 % solution of the enzyme hepatopancreatin, chemical destruction with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid. The CS content in the samples was determined by the Dische method. The chemical composition of CS samples was evaluated by standard methods. The average molecular weight (MW) was determined using high performance liquid chromatography and the nephelometric method. The crystallinity degree (CD) was determined by graphical processing of diffraction patterns obtained by X-ray phase analysis of CS samples. It was found that under the action of hepatopancreatin and hydrogen peroxide, deep destruction of chondroitin sulfate occurs, to the formation of low molecular weight and oligomeric fragments. Under conditions of acid destruction in 0.5 N HCl for 20 min the MW of chondroitin sulfate is reduced by 10 % compared to the initial one. Acid destruction causes a significant decrease in the CD of the CS samples. For CS samples not degraded in acid, the solubility in distilled water increases with decreasing MW and CD. The solubility of CS after acid destruction in the range of pH = 5-9 units is 99.0 ± 0.5 %. This high solubility is most likely explained by the significant content of the amorphous phase in the samples.