Validation of the Reveal® 2.0 Group D1 Salmonella Test for Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in Raw Shell Eggs and Poultry-Associated Matrixes

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Mozola ◽  
Preetha Biswas ◽  
Ryan Viator ◽  
Emily Feldpausch ◽  
Debra Foti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Culture Procedure

Abstract A study was conducted to assess the performance of the Reveal® 2.0 Group D1 Salmonella lateral flow immunoassay for use in detection of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) in raw shell eggs and poultry-associated matrixes, including chicken carcass rinse and poultry feed. In inclusivity testing, the Reveal 2.0 test detected all 37 strains of SE tested. The test also detected all but one of 18 non-Enteritidis somatic group D1 Salmonella serovars examined. In exclusivity testing, none of 42 strains tested was detected. The exclusivity panel included Salmonella strains of somatic groups other than D1, as well as strains of other genera of Gram-negative bacteria. In matrix testing, performance of the Reveal 2.0 test was compared to that of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedure for chicken carcass rinse and to that of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual for raw shell eggs and poultry feed. For all matrixes evaluated, there were no significant differences in the ability to detect SE when comparing the Reveal 2.0 method and the appropriate reference culture procedure as determined by probability of detection statistical analysis. The ability of the Reveal 2.0 test to withstand modest perturbations to normal operating parameters was examined in robustness experiments. Results showed that the test can withstand deviations in up to three operating parameters simultaneously without significantly affecting performance. Real-time stability testing of multiple lots of Reveal 2.0 devices established the shelf life of the test device at 16 months postmanufacture.

Method Modification to Extend the Matrix Claim of the Thermo Scientific RapidFinder Salmonella species, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis Multiplex PCR Kit

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-148
Author(s):  
Jessica Williams ◽  
Katharine Evans ◽  
David Crabtree ◽  
Annette Hughes ◽  
Charlotte Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Chicken Nuggets ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Pork Sausage ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Multiplex Pcr Assay ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background: The Thermo Scientific RapidFinder™ Salmonella species, Typhimurium and Enteritidis Multiplex PCR Kit is a real-time multiplex PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of Salmonella species, Salmonella Typhimurium, and S. Enteritidis from poultry, pork, and environmental samples. The method has previously been granted certification as Performance Tested Method SM (PTM) 081701, validated according to the AOAC Research Institute (RI) PTM program for poultry (chicken thighs with skin, chicken wings with skin, and chicken nuggets), raw pork sausage matrixes, and stainless steel environmental surface sponges. Objective: This report details the method modification study to validate ground turkey (375 g sample size), chicken carcass rinse, and shell egg matrixes. Methods: The candidate method was compared with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual Chapter 5 for shell eggs and the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service’s Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook 4.09 for ground turkey (375 g) and chicken carcass rinse matrixes. Results: The statistically significant differences found between the candidate and reference methods upon analysis by probability of detection were in favor of the candidate method. Inclusivity and exclusivity testing demonstrated that the RapidFinder Salmonella species, Typhimurium and Enteritidis Multiplex PCR Kit was able to detect all the major groups of Salmonella. All exclusivity isolates were correctly excluded. Conclusions: The data presented in this report show that the candidate is suitable for the detection and differentiation of Salmonellae from shell egg, chicken carcass rinse, and ground turkey (375 g) matrixes. Highlights: Thermo Scientific RapidFinder Salmonella species, Typhimurium and Enteritidis Multiplex PCR Kit (candidate method) matrix claims extended to include ground turkey (375 g), chicken carcass rinse and shell egg samples.

Comparative Validation Study to Demonstrate the Equivalence of an Alternate Next-Day Enrichment Protocol for VIP® Gold for Salmonella Method to Culture Methods for the Detection of Salmonella in Selected Foods and Environmental Surfaces

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-827
Author(s):  
David E Kerr ◽  
George Shen ◽  
Andrew H Lienau ◽  
Mandeep Kaur ◽  
Amy L Immermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Enrichment Protocol ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Background: VIP® Gold for Salmonella is a lateral flow immunodetection device that was validated by AOAC in 1999 as Official Method of Analysis 999.09. It was improved upon in 2009 by introducing gold colloid as the detection method. Objective: A simple next-day enrichment protocol using modified enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli media was developed for the VIP Gold for Salmonella to improve the time-to-results and laboratory work flow. Methods: We tested 128 Salmonella strains, representing all serotypes from A to Z and 51 to 66 as well as 50 non-Salmonella strains for inclusivity/exclusivity. Performance of the VIP using the new enrichment protocol was compared with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedure for the detection of Salmonella in ready-to-eat poultry, roast beef, and chicken carcass rinsate. VIP performance was also compared with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) for the detection of Salmonella from raw spinach, raw almonds, raw pasta, and environmental surfaces (stainless steel, rubber, and plastic). Results: The VIP detected all 128 of Salmonella strains and none of the 50 non-Salmonella strains. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of positive results with VIP Gold for Salmonella protocol compared with appropriate USDA-Food Safety and Inspection Service or FDA-BAM reference methods for any of these matrixes. Conclusions: This new enrichment protocol has met all the requirements to be approved as a Performance Tested MethodSM. Highlights: The new enrichment protocol will improve the time-to-results and allow quicker decisions about the contamination of food products.

Propylparaben Sensitizes Heat-Resistant Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Oranienburg to Thermal Inactivation in Liquid Egg Albumen†

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSHUA B. GURTLER ◽  
TONY Z. JIN
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Thermal Inactivation ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Antibacterial Efficacy ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Egg Albumen ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
Thermal Pasteurization ◽  
The U.S

Propyl p-hydroxybenzoic acid (propylparaben [PRPA]) is a phenolic antioxidant, known to occur in nature and used as a microbiostat in foods, feeds, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medications. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) requires that liquid egg white (LEW) be pasteurized at 56.7°C for 3.5 min. This study evaluated the effects of PRPA on the pasteurization sensitivity of Salmonella in LEW. When LEW (pH 7.8) was pasteurized under FSIS conditions, salmonellae declined by 0.5, 4.6, 4.5, >7.0, and >7.0 log CFU/ml, with 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively, and D56.7°C-values were 2.99, 1.05, 0.68, 0.26 and ≤0.16 min. Albumen (pH 8.9) pasteurized under FSIS standards incurred salmonellae reductions of 3.3, 2.8, 5.2, >7.0, and >7.0 log CFU/ml, with 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively, while D56.7°C-values were 0.87, 0.99, 0.66, 0.22, and 0.09 min. Adding 500 ppm of PRPA to albumen (pH 7.8) reduced D56.7°C-values more than 11-fold, and reduced the time to achieve a 5-log reduction from 15.0 to only 1.3 min. A 7-log reduction in plain LEW (pH 7.8) at 56.7°C required 20.9 min, versus only 1.8 and 1.1 min with 500 and 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively. Furthermore, a 7-log reduction in plain LEW (pH 8.9) required 6.1 min, versus only 1.5 and 0.6 min with 500 and 1,000 ppm of PRPA, respectively. This study is the first to report the efficacy of PRPA (pKa = 8.4) in sensitizing Salmonella in LEW to thermal pasteurization, while documenting that PRPA retains its antibacterial efficacy at pH levels as high as 8.9.

Roka Listeria Detection Method Using Transcription Mediated Amplification to Detect Listeria Species in Select Foods and Surfaces

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 1672-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Yang ◽  
Shannon Kaplan ◽  
Michael Reshatoff ◽  
Ernie Hu ◽  
Alexis Zukowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Detection Analysis ◽  
Reference Methods ◽  
Smoked Salmon ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Detection Assay ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The Roka Listeria Detection Assay was compared to the reference culture methods for nine select foods and three select surfaces. The Roka method used Half-Fraser Broth for enrichment at 35 ± 2°C for 24–28 h. Comparison of Roka's method to reference methods requires an unpaired approach. Each method had a total of 545 samples inoculated with a Listeria strain. Each food and surface was inoculated with a different strain of Listeria at two different levels per method. For the dairy products (Brie cheese, whole milk, and ice cream), our method was compared to AOAC Official MethodSM993.12. For the ready-to-eat meats (deli chicken, cured ham, chicken salad, and hot dogs) and environmental surfaces (sealed concrete, stainless steel, and plastic), these samples were compared to the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Food Safety and Inspection Service-Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook (USDA/FSIS-MLG) method MLG 8.07. Cold-smoked salmon and romaine lettuce were compared to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual, Chapter 10 (FDA/BAM) method. Roka's method had 358 positives out of 545 total inoculated samples compared to 332 positive for the reference methods. Overall the probability of detection analysis of the results showed better or equivalent performance compared to the reference methods.

Preenrichment Versus Direct Selective Agar Plating for the Detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1670-1674 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. E. VALENTÍN-BON ◽  
R. E. BRACKETT ◽  
K. H. SEO ◽  
T. S. HAMMACK ◽  
W. H. ANDREWS
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Brilliant Green ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Direct Plating ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The U.S

The relative effectiveness of two methods for the recovery of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) from jumbo and medium shell eggs was compared. The first method used in the comparison consisted of a preenrichment of the sample, and the second method was developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Three bulk lots of blended, pooled eggs, each containing 220 liquid whole eggs that were thoroughly mixed manually were artificially inoculated with different levels of SE cells between approximately 100 and 103 CFU/ml. Twenty samples containing the contents of approximately 10 eggs each (by weight) were withdrawn from each of the inoculated bulk lots and incubated for 4 days at room temperature (ca. 23°C). For the APHIS method, each sample was cultured by direct plating onto brilliant green (BG), brilliant green with novobiocin (BGN), xylose lysine desoxycholate (XLD), and xylose lysine agar Tergitol 4 (XLT4) agars. For the preenrichment method, 25-g portions from each pool were enriched in modified tryptic soy broth with 30 mg/liter of FeSO4. After 24 h of incubation, the preenrichments were subcultured to tetrathionate and Rappaport-Vassiliadis broths, and streaked to BG, BGN, bismuth sulfite, XLD, and XLT4 agar plates. SE isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically. In all of the experiments, the preenrichment method recovered significantly more SE isolates (P < 0.05) of all the phage types and inoculum levels than did the APHIS method. From a total of 539 jumbo egg test portions analyzed, 381 (71%) were SE-positive by the preenrichment method and 232 (43%) were positive by the APHIS method. From a total of 360 medium egg test portions analyzed, 223 (62%) were SE-positive by the preenrichment method and 174 (48%) were positive by the APHIS method. The preenrichment method provided greater sensitivity for the isolation of SE in contaminated egg slurries than did the APHIS method.

SAS™ Molecular Tests Salmonella Detection Kit

2014 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 808-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Bapanpally ◽  
Laura Montier ◽  
Shah Khan ◽  
Akif Kasra ◽  
Sharon L Brunelle
Keyword(s):  
Hold Time ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
Method Performance ◽  
Molecular Tests ◽  
Amplification Method ◽  
Chicken Carcass ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The SAS™ Molecular tests Salmonella Detection method, a Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification method, performed as well as or better than the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference methods for ground beef, beef trim, ground turkey, chicken carcass rinses, bagged mixed lettuce, and fresh spinach. The ground beef (30% fat, 25 g test portion), poultry matrixes and leafy greens were validated in a 6–7 h enrichment, and ground beef (30% fat, 375 g composite test portion) and beef trim (375 g composite test portion) were validated in a 16–20 h enrichment. The method performance for meat and leafy green matrixes was shown to be acceptable under conditions of co-enrichment with Escherichia coli O157. Thus, after a short 6–7 h co-enrichment step, ground beef, beef trim, lettuce, and spinach can be tested for both Salmonella and E. coli O157. Inclusivity and exclusivity testing revealed no false negatives and no false positives among the 100 Salmonella serovars and 30 non- Salmonella species examined. The method was shown to be robust when enrichment time, DNA extract hold time, and DNA volume were varied.

Reveal®Listeria 2.0 Test for Detection of Listeria spp. in Foods and Environmental Samples

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 424-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Alles ◽  
Stephanie Curry ◽  
David Almy ◽  
Balamurugan Jagadeesan ◽  
Jennifer Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Culture Procedure

Abstract A Performance Tested MethodSM validation study was conducted for a new lateral flow immunoassay (Reveal®Listeria 2.0) for detection of Listeria spp. in foods and environmental samples. Results of inclusivity testing showed that the test detects all species of Listeria, with the exception of L. grayi. In exclusivity testing conducted under nonselective growth conditions, all non-listeriae tested produced negative Reveal assay results, except for three strains of Lactobacillus spp. However, these lactobacilli are inhibited by the selective Listeria Enrichment Single Step broth enrichment medium used with the Reveal method. Six foods were tested in parallel by the Reveal method and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA/BAM) reference culture procedure. Considering data from both internal and independent laboratory trials, overall sensitivity of the Reveal method relative to that of the FDA/BAM procedure was 101%. Four foods were tested in parallel by the Reveal method and the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) reference culture procedure. Overall sensitivity of the Reveal method relative to that of the USDA-FSIS procedure was 98.2%. There were no statistically significant differences in the number of positives obtained by the Reveal and reference culture procedures in any food trials. In testing of swab or sponge samples from four types of environmental surfaces, sensitivity of Reveal relative to that of the USDA-FSIS reference culture procedure was 127%. For two surface types, differences in the number of positives obtained by the Reveal and reference methods were statistically significant, with more positives by the Reveal method in both cases. Specificity of the Reveal assay was 100%, as there were no unconfirmed positive results obtained in any phase of the testing. Results of ruggedness experiments showed that the Reveal assay is tolerant of modest deviations in test sample volume and device incubation time.

Evaluation of the Thermo Scientific RapidFinder™ Salmonella Species, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis Multiplex PCR Kit

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1059-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Scopes ◽  
Jessica Screen ◽  
Katharine Evans ◽  
David Crabtree ◽  
Annette Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Reference Methods ◽  
Thermo Fisher Scientific ◽  
Reliable Performance ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The Thermo Scientific RapidFinder™ Salmonella Species, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis Multiplex PCR Kit (candidate method) is a real-time PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of Salmonella spp., and the serovars S. Typhimurium, and S. Enteritidis from poultry, pork, and environmental samples. The method was validated in comparison to the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reference methods. Thermo Fisher Scientific (Basingstoke, United Kingdom) tested all matrixes. In addition, two matrixes were analyzed independently by Q Laboratories, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH). Few statistically significant differences were found between the candidate and reference methods when analyzed by probability of detection. When differences were observed, these were in favor of the candidate method. All 200 inclusivity strains and none of the 45 exclusivity strains were detected, which demonstrated that the RapidFinder Salmonella Species, Typhimurium, and Enteritidis Multiplex PCR Kit was able to detect all the major groups of Salmonella, the less common subspecies of S. enterica, and the rarely encountered S. bongori. None of the exclusivity isolates analyzed were detected. Robustness testing demonstrated that the assay gave reliable performance, with specific method deviations outside the recommended parameters. Accelerated stability testing was conducted, validating the assay shelf life.

Salmonella Enteritidis in Meat, Poultry, and Pasteurized Egg Products Regulated by the U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service, 1998 through 2003

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICIA L. WHITE ◽  
ALECIA L. NAUGLE ◽  
CHARLENE R. JACKSON ◽  
PAULA J. FEDORKA-CRAY ◽  
BONNIE E. ROSE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Electrophoretic Pattern ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Critical Control Point ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S

The U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) tests for Salmonella in meat, poultry, and egg products through three regulatory testing programs: the Pathogen Reduction–Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (PR-HACCP) program, the ready-to-eat program for meat and poultry products, and the pasteurized egg products program. From 1998 through 2003, 293,938 samples collected for these testing programs were analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica serotypes. Of these samples, 12,699 (4.3%) were positive for Salmonella, and 167 (1.3%) of the positive samples (0.06% of all samples) contained Salmonella Enteritidis. The highest incidence of Salmonella Enteritidis was observed in ground chicken PR-HACCP samples (8 of 1,722 samples, 0.46%), and the lowest was found in steer-heifer PR-HACCP samples (0 of 12,835 samples). Salmonella Enteritidis isolates were characterized by phage type, pulsed-field gel electrophoretic pattern, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Phage typing of 94 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates identified PT13 (39 isolates) and PT8 (36 isolates) as the most common types. One isolate from a ready-to-eat ham product was characterized as PT4. Electrophoretic analysis of 148 Salmonella Enteritidis isolates indicated genetic diversity among the isolates, with 28 unique XbaI electrophoretic patterns identified. Of these 148 isolates, 136 (92%) were susceptible to each of 16 antimicrobials tested. Two isolates were resistant to ampicillin alone, and 10 isolates were resistant to two or more antimicrobials. Isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis from FSIS-regulated products emphasizes the need for continued consumer education on proper food handling and cooking practices and continued work to decrease the prevalence of Salmonella in meat, poultry, and pasteurized egg products.

Contamination Revealed by Indicator Microorganism Levels during Veal Processing

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 1341-1347 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
RONG WANG ◽  
BRANDON E. LUEDTKE ◽  
TOMMY L. WHEELER ◽  
MOHAMMAD KOOHMARAIE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Indicator Microorganism ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Inspection Service ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT During site visits of veal processors, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) has reported processing deficiencies that likely contribute to increased levels of veal contamination. Here, we report the results of measuring aerobic plate count bacteria (APC), Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms (CF), and Escherichia coli during eight sample collections at five veal processors to assess contamination during the harvest of bob veal and formula-fed veal before (n = 5 plants) and after (n = 3 plants) changes to interventions and processing practices. Hides of veal calves at each plant had mean log CFU/100 cm2 APC, Enterobacteriaceae, CF, and E. coli of 6.02 to 8.07, 2.95 to 5.24, 3.28 to 5.83, and 3.08 to 5.59, respectively. Preintervention carcasses had mean log CFU/100 cm2 APC, Enterobacteriaceae, CF, and E. coli of 3.08 to 5.22, 1.16 to 3.47, 0.21 to 3.06, and −0.07 to 3.10, respectively, before and 2.72 to 4.50, 0.99 to 2.76, 0.69 to 2.26, and 0.33 to 2.12, respectively, after changes were made to improve sanitary dressing procedures. Final veal carcasses had mean log CFU/100 cm2 APC, Enterobacteriaceae, CF, and E. coli of 0.36 to 2.84, −0.21 to 1.59, −0.23 to 1.59, and −0.38 to 1.45 before and 0.44 to 2.64, −0.16 to 1.33, −0.42 to 1.20, and −0.48 to 1.09 after changes were made to improve carcass-directed interventions. Whereas the improved dressing procedures resulted in improved carcass cleanliness, the changes to carcass-directed interventions were less successful, and veal processors are urged to use techniques that ensure uniform and consistent delivery of antimicrobials to carcasses. Analysis of results comparing bob veal to formula-fed veal found bob veal hides, preintervention carcasses, and final carcasses to have increased (P < 0.05) APC, Enterobacteriaceae, CF, and E. coli (with the exception of hide Enterobacteriaceae; P > 0.05) relative to formula fed veal. When both veal categories were harvested at the same plant on the same day, similar results were observed. Since identification by FSIS, the control of contamination during veal processing has started to improve, but challenges still persist.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document