“Why Are There So Many Women in Forensic Anthropology?”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marin Pilloud ◽  
Nicholas Passalacqua
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Anthropology ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Women Scholars ◽  
Gendered Expectations ◽  
Over Time

There is broad discussion of the higher numbers of women in the forensic sciences, particularly when compared to other science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields. In this discussion, we focus on forensic anthropology. We begin with an historical overview of the role of women in the discipline; data are then provided that outline the numbers of women scholars and practitioners over time. We then explore the different roles of men and women in regard to leadership positions, professional awards, awarded grant-funding, job hiring trends, presentations at the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) annual meeting, and publications in the Journal of Forensic Sciences. While the number of women in forensic anthropology is greatly increasing, the discipline has been slow to also grow the visibility of women in positions of leadership or to honor them with prestigious awards. One reason for this finding may be that women are subjected to bias and harassment, which may cause them to leave forensic anthropology at various points along the way, or lead to their contribution being less valued. These findings are discussed within the context of gendered expectations, and suggestions are provided on how to improve the retention of women as well as to diversify the discipline in general.

Quantifying gender distances in education, occupation and employment

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Symeonaki ◽  
Celestine Filopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Distance Measures ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vertical Segregation ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of gender in education, occupation and employment in Southern Europe and more specifically in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The goal is to provide measures that can trace gender differences with respect to their educational and employment features in these countries, explore whether these differences converge over time and compare the patterns observed in each country given their socio-economic similarities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses raw data drawn from the European Social Survey (ESS) for the decade 2002-2012. It provides a method for quantifying gender differences in education, occupation and employment and their evolution over time based on distance measures. Findings The results reveal that gender distances in education have gradually subsided in these countries. However, occupational choices differ steadily over the years for all countries. The paper provides, therefore, solid evidence that equalizing the level of education between men and women during those years did not result in a decrease in the occupational distances between them. Moreover, based on the latest round the findings suggest that men and women are equally likely to having experienced unemployment within the last five years. Research limitations/implications Further research could be done to include results based on raw data from the seventh round of the ESS. This may provide valuable information for Spain and Portugal who did participate in this round. Social implications This research implies that more needs to be done to accelerate progress in order to achieve gender occupational equality in Southern Europe. Originality/value This paper draws attention to issues concerning gender differences in education, horizontal and vertical segregation and employment for which it provides distance measures and evidence of how they have evolved over time, based on raw data analysis from the ESS.

A Psychological Analysis of Biblical Interpretations Pertaining to Women

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-312
Author(s):  
Colleen Zabriskie
Keyword(s):  
Social Institutions ◽  
Interpersonal Theory ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Protective Mechanisms ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Need For Power ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Basic Anxiety ◽  
The Church

Karen Horney describes four protective mechanisms utilized by people to protect themselves from basic anxiety. These are affection, submissiveness, power, and withdrawal. It is argued that the position of both men and women regarding the role of women is to a great extent motivated by the assumption of one or more of these protective means. Each of these protective devices is equally a manifestation of sin and immaturity. Several statements representative of various theoretical positions about women are examined in light of this interpersonal theory. It is seen that opinions which would exclude women from leadership positions within the church are motivated by a need for power while the reciprocal position of submission results from an inordinate need for affection, a need met through the submissive stance. In sharp contrast, a revolutionary position indicated in Scripture according to other interpretations is one which requires reciprocal subordination and complementary functioning of men and women in all social institutions.

The Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Schoppa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
The World

The twentieth century was studded with extraordinary achievements in medicine, science, technology, and space. Yet, this century was the most violent in history, killing an estimated 30 million people in cold-blooded genocides and, in wars, an estimated 187 million. There was not a single year in the hundred-year span when there were no significant wars. In each chapter I have chosen several men and women, many not well-known, on whom I focus a bit more than other historical actors. They reflect the spirit of their times, though their approaches and contributions are distinctively nuanced. Existing in a climate primed for war and violence, they, like everyone else, had to decide where their source of political identity lay and, when a decision was necessary, where their political allegiance would fall: To their own lives as individuals in a specific locality? Or to a particular nation? Or to the larger global community? Given that this allegiance has been much discussed during the last half of the century up through today, to what geographical level do we see world citizens committing their allegiance? That answer will be a key determinant of the future. This chronological narrative also traces other crucial twentieth-century developments: women and their professional and social roles, goals, successes, and setbacks; the powerful forces of race and ethnicity; the role of identity; environmental issues, including atomic energy and the sustainability of natural resources; the causes and changing nature of wars around the world; and the historical roles of contingency and memory.

Ethnicity, Class and the Earning Inequality in Israel, 1983-1995

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabil Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Employment Contracts ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
Israeli Population ◽  
Earning Inequality ◽  
Over Time

This paper focuses on the role of ethnicity and class in generating earnings inequality in Israel. Unlike previous studies on inequality of opportunities in Israel, in this paper I compare the earnings of five ethnic groups: European Jews (Ashkenazi), Asian-African Jews (Sephardi), Muslim Palestinians, Christian Palestinians and Druze Palestinians. In addition, both men and women are taken into account. The analysis, which is based on data obtained from the 1983 and 1995 Israeli population censuses, has revealed that in Israel, class variations resulting from the differentiation of employment contracts in the labour market, appear to have played a much more important role over time in producing earnings inequality. However, at the same time, it was found that class in this context is highly related to ethnicity, thereby suggesting that class and ethnicity are interwoven. While it seemed that to some extent, class plays a similar role among men and women, the role of ethnicity among men was much more central than it was among women, in the allocation of people into class positions.

scholarly journals The Other Partner: The Changing Role of Good Provider for Men’s Union Formation in Industrialized Countries

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Goldscheider ◽  
Dennis Hogan ◽  
Pierre Turcotte
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Union Formation ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Retrospective Survey ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Over Time

Most studies of union formation behaviors have focused on women and children, with less emphasis on men. Using comparable retrospective survey data, this study looks at the ways Canadian, Italian and Swedish men begin conjugal life (distinguishing between marriage and cohabitation) and at how the effects of their good provider status qualifications have changed in the last 30 years. Results for Canadian men have shown that the simple patterns that have been assumed to shape separate and symmetrical roles for men and women are taking new shapes with the growth in cohabitation and changes in women's economic roles. Our study will extend these results to examine two countries at very different levels of cohabitation prevalence: Italy, where the growth in cohabitation has just begun, and Sweden, where it has been underway much longer than in Canada. Our results show strongly parallel changes underway in each country, indicating that it is important to continue to compare, both between countries and over time, if we are to understand the situations fostering (or not) changing gender roles for men as good providers.

scholarly journals ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN IN LEADERSHIP POSITIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1271-1276
Author(s):  
Arta Xhelili
Keyword(s):  
Women In Leadership ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Woman Manager ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Woman Leader

Globally, in the last four decades, the number of women in the job market has increased significantly. More women are entering into positions of managers and leaders. However, despite the laws in many countries aimed on advancing women to the top positions of the companies, the "glass ceiling" phenomenon still continues. Research in the direction of women in leadership positions shows a series of challenges that women face during the process of advancing into higher positions. Research on the attitudes towards a woman as manager shows that male subordinates have negative attitudes and stereotypes towards a woman leader and that successful leaders and managers are still imagined as men. Stereotypes are even more pronounced in patriarchal and traditional societies. As a result, because of these attitudes and prejudices women face obstacles in dealing with their male counterparts, which contributes to being perceived as being less effective in the role of a leader. The aim of this research is to see the differences between men and women in the Republic of Macedonia in attitudes toward a woman manager. The results taken from ae survey showed that there are differences in attitudes towards a woman manager between men and women, where women are somewhat positive, while men are neutral. What is worth noting is that the attitude of the women themselves towards the manager is not completely positive.

Not By Success Alone

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa A. Fuesting ◽  
Amanda B. Diekman
Keyword(s):  
Role Models ◽  
Vicarious Learning ◽  
Time Study ◽  
Stem Fields ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Communal Orientation ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Over Time

Because of stereotypes that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields do not fulfill communal goals, communally oriented individuals may select out of STEM. One potential route to engaging and promoting communally oriented individuals in STEM fields is through interactions with advisors or role models in STEM. We first demonstrate the perceived difficulty of finding role models who enact communal behaviors in STEM relative to other fields (Preliminary Study). Communally oriented students reported higher likelihood of observing admired others in math or science (i.e., investigative vicarious learning) over time (Study 1). Individuals preferred hypothetical STEM advisors who enacted communal workplace behaviors (Studies 2a-2b). Finally, individuals’ communal orientation predicted how important they found the communal behaviors of actual role models (Studies 3a-3b). These findings provide further support for the goal congruity prediction that contexts—whether relational or occupational—that offer the pursuit of valued goals will be preferred.

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