Growth and Development

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Armelagos ◽  
Dennis P. Van Gerven
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Economic Opportunity ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Growth Studies

This chapter presents our studies of growth and development in Nubian infants and children. The study of growth in the Wadi Halfa children was one of the first of its kind, and it helped to establish the potential for growth studies using prehistoric remains. Our later studies include comparisons of growth patterns between both the Kulubnarti communities and the Wadi Halfa and Kulubnarti. Once again, our results demonstrated the health consequences of politics, social advantage, and economic opportunity. The chapter concludes with our investigations into the obstetric consequences of diminished growth on birthing and neonatal survival.

Growth of the Wedge-Tailed Shearwater in the Hawaiian Islands

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted N. Pettit ◽  
G. Vernon Byrd ◽  
G. Causey Whittow ◽  
Michael P. Seki
Keyword(s):  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Puffinus Pacificus

Abstract Growth studies of a tropical seabird, the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus pacificus), were conducted over 3 yr at three locations in Hawaii. Basic growth patterns of body dimensions are described. The range of asymptotes and maximal recorded weights suggests that feeding and the availability of food may influence growth from year to year and in different colonies within the same year.

scholarly journals SUNFLOWER PLANT RESPONSE TO SIMULATED DRIFT OF GLYPHOSATE AND TRINEXAPAC-ETHYL

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. VITAL ◽  
A. JAKELAITIS ◽  
A.C. COSTA ◽  
F.B. SILVA ◽  
P.F. BATISTA
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Indirect Impacts ◽  
Glyphosate Drift

ABSTRACT Chemical ripeners are frequently used on sugarcane crops in order to increase profitability. However, the drift of these products to neighbouring fields can expose susceptible non-target plants, such as sunflower, to these agents causing indirect impacts on growth and development. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the toxicity characterize possible changes in the growth of sunflower plants exposed to simulated drift of the ripeners glyphosate and trinexapac-ethyl. For each ripener, the following doses were used: glyphosate (0 (control), 3.6, 7.2, 14.4, 28.8 and 86.4 g a.e ha-1) and trinexapac-ethyl (0, 3.12, 6.25, 12.50, 25 and 75 g a.i ha-1). The effects of these products on plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, stem diameter and dry matter (leaves, stem, flower, root, shoot and total) were evaluated. We also conducted a visual analysis of symptoms of phytotoxicity after exposure. The effects of the ripeners on sunflower plants varied depending on the type of agent used and the dose. Plants treated with glyphosate showed altered growth patterns, indicating high sensitivity of these plants to the herbicide. With increasing doses, glyphosate drift promoted lower growth and development of sunflower plants and negatively affected productivity. Nevertheless, trinexapac-ethyl drift, in the evaluated doses, did not affect sunflower plants.

scholarly journals Fruit Growth and Development of `Ideal' and `Western' Pecans

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban A. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Ovary Wall ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Carya Illinoensis ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Maximum Content

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] fruit development was evaluated over three growing seasons (1981-83) to determine the seasonal growth patterns in the cultivars Ideal and Western. Gross morphological stages were examined weekly in fruit dissected in cross and longitudinal sections. Free-nucleate endosperm was first observed in mid-July when fruit had grown to 50% of their final length, occurring at 67 days after stigma receptivity (DASR) for `Ideal' and 76 DASR for Western'. Maximum content of free-nucleate endosperm occurred 100 DASR in `Ideal' and 109 DASR in Western' fruit. Ovary wall Signification was completed 119 DASR in `Ideal' and 132 DASR in `Western'. At this time, nut enlargement was complete. Cotyledon thickening required 36 and 43 days for `Ideal' and Western', respectively. The time from stigma receptivity to completion of cotyledon thickening in mid-October was 13 days longer for Western' than for `Ideal'. Because of a cool spring in 1983, all stages required a longer time in 1983 than in the previous 2 years. Most aspects of fruit development were similar between `Ideal' and Western' over the 3-year study.

Data Processing Problems for Multidisciplinary, Mixed-Longitudinal Studies with Application to the Nijmegen Growth Study

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (04) ◽  
pp. 210-215
Author(s):  
M. A. van’t Hof ◽  
S. H. J. Veling ◽  
C. J. Kowalski
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Longitudinal Growth ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Growth Studies ◽  
Complex Computer

As more complex, computer-oriented studies of growth and development are undertaken, it becomes increasingly important that investigators contemplating the initiation of such studies are aware of some of the data processing problems they are likely to encounter. The present paper discusses some of these problems in the context of multidisciplinary, mixed-longitudinal growth studies and the solutions implemented in the Nijmegen Growth Study are documented.

Alcohol and Anticonvulsant Medication Use During Pregnancy: Effects on the Growth and Development of Infants and Children

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don C. Van Dyke ◽  
Nancy E. Bonthitis ◽  
Daniel J. Bonthius ◽  
Dianne M. McBrien ◽  
Mark Eric Dyken
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Medication Use ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Anticonvulsant Medication

Principles of pain pharmacology in paediatrics

2013 ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Chau ◽  
Gideon Koren
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Response ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Paediatric Patients ◽  
Dosing Regimens

Changes during growth and development may profoundly alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profile of medications in children of different ages, and in comparison to adults. Genetic factors can also influence the disposition and action of a drug, and contribute to interindividual differences in clinical response. Safe and effective pharmacological management of pain in neonates, infants, and children requires a thorough understanding of the principles of analgesic pharmacology in paediatric patients. Analgesic dosing regimens should take into account the severity of pain, the age or developmental state of the infant, and the therapeutic window of the drug.

scholarly journals Examining Naturogenic Processes and Anthropogenic Influences on Tree Growth and Development via Stem Analysis: Data Processing and Computational Analytics

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1058
Author(s):  
Peter F. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Data Structures ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Stem Analysis ◽  
Annual Ring Width ◽  
Solid Of Revolution

The objective of this study was to develop a stem analysis data processing and computational algorithm and associated software suite that was (1) applicable to temperate and boreal forest tree species, (2) mathematically consistent with excurrent tree stem geometric and allometric principles, (3) compatible with data structures obtained using proprietary and non-proprietary imaging systems, and (4) executable on Windows®-based operating systems. Computationally, the suite denoted SAP (Stem Analysis Program), deployed sectional-specific formulae that were in accord with the following geometric assumptions: (1) stump section was treated as a solid of revolution resembling a cylinder; (2) sections between the stump and the tip were treated as a solid of revolution resembling a frustum of a cone for sections with continuous annual increments, otherwise treated as a cone; and (3) tip section was treated as a solid of revolution resembling a cone. The algorithm also corrected for the slant-based sectional length measurements using Pythagorean Theorem and eliminated the requirement to predict age-specific apex height development through the use of a linear interpolation procedure. Based on input data structures consisting of annual ring-width xylem sequences measured from cross-sectional disk samples acquired at multiple positions along the tree’s main stem, the suite produces a broad array of output, inclusive of radial and longitudinal ring-width sequences, apical growth increments, annual and cumulative sectional and cumulative volume production patterns, and historically reconstructed stem taper profiles. In total, the SAP creates six output data files for each tree analyzed: (1) input data reference summary (e.g., geometric mean ring-widths and resultant radii for each cross-section); (2) radial growth patterns for the cross-section sampled at breast-height (e.g., absolute and relative diameter and basal area growth estimates); (3) sectional (vertical) profiles of volume growth patterns (e.g., absolute and relative growth estimates within each section (bolt)); (4) cumulative volume growth patterns for the entire tree; (5) historical taper profile estimates (e.g., heights and diameters by year); and (6) texturally-labeled compendium of all output files generated. Additionally, real-time graphical output was produced for the purposes of data assessment and verification during the radial sequence data acquisition stage (e.g., graphical presentation of annual ring-width sequences by radii and disk, for use in validating input data structures and increment measurements derived from the imaging system), and interpreting growth and development patterns (e.g., vertical growth layer and specific volume increment profiles by age or year). The utility of the SAP suite was exemplified by processing WindendroTM-based annual ring-width xylem sequences obtained from cross-sectional disks extracted from a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) tree via percent-height destructive stem analysis, and subsequently elucidating growth and developmental patterns within the context of silviculture treatment effects (thinning). The SAP suite provides the conceptual and logistical foundation for the continued deployment of the stem analysis approach in a wide range of investigations, including those examining the effect of naturogenic processes and anthropogenic influences on tree growth and development.

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