COATINGS AND PERMANENT MEANS OF ACCESS – THE ANTI-CORROSION CHALLENGES

2021 ◽  
Vol 153 (A4) ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Lomas ◽  
P D Contraros ◽  
G Papadakis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Service Lifetime ◽  
Ballast Tanks ◽  
New Challenges

The introduction of new regulations for Means of Access (MA) has led to an increase in the number and complexity of access openings, an increase in the size of the access openings in the ship’s structure, and a stricter maintenance regime which presents new challenges throughout the life of modern vessels. Several of the major issues at the design stage of Permanent Means of Access (PMA); the construction of ships; the application of protective coatings during new building, together with coating maintenance during the service lifetime; problems related to cleaning holds after cargoes have been removed; action by the Butterworth crude oil washing action and the challenges of maintenance in ballast tanks, are discussed in this paper.

Non-Intrusive Historical Assessment of Internet-Facing Services in the Internet of Things

MACRo 2015 ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Béla Genge ◽  
Călin Enăchescu
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Ip Address ◽  
Internet Connectivity ◽  
Service Lifetime ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Internet Of Things

AbstractThe expansion of Internet has led to a variety of directly accessible devices and services. Nowadays, companies tend to increase the number of Internetfacing services in order to ensure higher visibility, and accessibility towards end-users. Nonetheless, this profound expansion towards an “Internet of Things” brings new opportunities to malicious actors. As a result, novel cyber-physical attacks bring new challenges to systems administrators in order to accommodate traditional user requests with security prerequisites. Therefore, in this paper we propose a novel approach for historical Internet connectivity assessment of services. The technique uses the output of the popular Shodan search engine to infer the lifetime of different Internet-facing services. Experimental results conducted on IP address blocks attributed to six different institutions distributed across four sectors (university, telecommunications, banking, and power) show different possible service lifetime patterns.

Preconstruction Priming: A Cost-Effective Solution to Painting Ship Ballast Tanks

2004 ◽  
Vol 20 (02) ◽  
pp. 122-129
Author(s):  
Benjamin S. Fultz
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Surface Preparation ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Labor Cost ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Ballast Tanks ◽  
High Performance Coating ◽  
The Cost

In both Asia and Europe, preconstruction primers (PCP) are routinely used and retained as an integral part of the coating system. The retention of PCPs can significantly reduce the painting cost of new ship builds. The cost of protective coatings (paint) application in new construction can be upwards of 10% of the total ship cost. The process is labor intensive; therefore, it is logical that most savings are derived from reducing labor steps. Retaining PCP eliminates the necessity of a second blast operation, thus reducing labor cost and hazardous waste disposal cost. This paper addresses the feasibility of retaining PCP as the permanent primer for protective coatings systems applied in such high-performance areas as exterior hull, underwater bottom, and most importantly ballast tanks. Should the retention of PCP be proven as a viable option, the process of coatings application can be improved resulting in significant cost savings. Spending of new construction dollars will not be necessary to remove the PCP prior to the application of high-performance coating and lining systems. The test program discussed in this paper was based on work sponsored by the National Shipbuilding Research Program Advanced Shipbuilding Enterprise (NSRPAES) and the US Navy. The Surface Preparation and Coatings Panel, SP3, of the Ship Production Committee formulated the program and provided direction during the course of the work. The Ship Production Committee is one of SNAME's nine technical and research committees, and consists of the chairman supported by the ship production major initiative panel chairs and selected others.

scholarly journals Identify Energy Savings Opportunities from Operational “Self-Help “and “Quick Fix” Optimization Approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hashim K. M ◽  
Ng D. K. S ◽  
Mimi H. Hassim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Project Schedule ◽  
Early Design Stage ◽  
Self Help

The objective of this paper is to describe the importance of formation of a pragmatic Energy Optimization Program (EOP) at the concerned oil and gas facilities. Substantial amount of energy savings can be realized by focusing on initiatives that require no investment or so called “self-help” that can easily be implemented without further a due. A “quick fix” initiative involves a nominal investment; it can also be easily executed without the need for detailed project justification. Given the increasing expectations to oil and gas organizations to maintain a competitive edge in the modern global economy have caused the instability of crude oil as the world’s major commercial energy source for the next coming years and greater commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Regardless of during high or low crude oil price, energy is certainly a critical business continuity driver for both users and producers. Having significantly greater EOP to explore energy savings opportunities require many efforts including new efficient equipment, new technology, new processes and approaches which should be given a priority. Ideally, EOP focused team shall effectively participate in early design stage of project, so that all significant energy efficiency concepts will be considered in the design. In reality, many energy efficiency efforts may be missed out as a result of loose energy efficiency definition, less competency of design engineers, hectic project schedule and/or resource constraint.

Cathodic protection of cargo/ballast tanks of crude oil tankers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1008-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. de Waard ◽  
W. Posch
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Cathodic Protection ◽  
Ballast Tanks ◽  
Oil Tankers

New challenges to image processing posed by cryo-Electron microscopy of single particles

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 422-423
Author(s):  
Joachim Frank
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Particle Orientation ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Contrast Transfer Function ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Cryo Electron Microscopy ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Particle Images

Compared with images of negatively stained single particle specimens, those obtained by cryo-electron microscopy have the following new features: (a) higher “signal” variability due to a higher variability of particle orientation; (b) reduced signal/noise ratio (S/N); (c) virtual absence of low-spatial-frequency information related to elastic scattering, due to the properties of the phase contrast transfer function (PCTF); and (d) reduced resolution due to the efforts of the microscopist to boost the PCTF at low spatial frequencies, in his attempt to obtain recognizable particle images.

EELS Measurement of the Local Electronic Structure of Copper Atoms Segregated to Aluminum Grain Boundaries

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 342-343
Author(s):  
S.J. Splinter ◽  
J. Bruley ◽  
P.E. Batson ◽  
D.A. Smith ◽  
R. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Structure ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Boundary Segregation ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Nominal Composition ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Service Lifetime ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Local Electronic Structure

It has long been known that the addition of Cu to Al interconnects improves the resistance to electromigration failure. It is generally accepted that this improvement is the result of Cu segregation to Al grain boundaries. The exact mechanism by which segregated Cu increases service lifetime is not understood, although it has been suggested that the formation of thin layers of θ-CuA12 (or some metastable substoichiometric precursor, θ’ or θ”) at the boundaries may be necessary. This paper reports measurements of the local electronic structure of Cu atoms segregated to Al grain boundaries using spatially resolved EELS in a UHV STEM. It is shown that segregated Cu exists in a chemical environment similar to that of Cu atoms in bulk θ-phase precipitates.Films of 100 nm thickness and nominal composition Al-2.5wt%Cu were deposited by sputtering from alloy targets onto NaCl substrates. The samples were solution heat treated at 748K for 30 min and aged at 523K for 4 h to promote equilibrium grain boundary segregation. EELS measurements were made using a Gatan 666 PEELS spectrometer interfaced to a VG HB501 STEM operating at 100 keV. The probe size was estimated to be 1 nm FWHM. Grain boundaries with the narrowest projected width were chosen for analysis. EDX measurements of Cu segregation were made using a VG HB603 STEM.

Patient Safety Law Presents New Challenges

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (17) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
NELLIE BRISTOL
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
New Challenges
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