Maximum Pressure and Military Disengagement: The Dilemma of US Policy towards Iran*

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
Marco Overhaus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Economic Pressure ◽  
Major Flaw ◽  
Military Disengagement ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Violent Conflicts

The Obama and Trump administrations have shared the same basic objectives towards Iran but have chosen radically different approaches to that end. While Obama was hailed - not least in Europe - for his emphasis on dialogue and negotiations, his policies still failed to contain Iran’s missile program and its use of “proxies” in other countries. The Trump administration’s emphasis on “maximum (economic) pressure”, in turn, is not per se doomed to failure. The major flaw of Trump’s approach, however, is that it is void of diplomacy. As long as the policy does not include a clearer understanding of the demands of as well as political/financial incentives towards Iran, “maximum pressure” runs the risk of dragging the United States still deeper into the Middle East’s violent conflicts.

scholarly journals McDonald's — Much Maligned, But an Engine of Economic Development

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian E. Tschoegl
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Fast Food Industry ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Backward Linkages

Critics have excoriated the US fast-food industry in general, and McDonald's most particularly, both per se and as a symbol of the United States. However, examining McDonald's internationalization and development abroad suggests that McDonald's and the others of its ilk are sources of development for mid-range countries. McDonald's brings training in management, encourages entrepreneurship directly through franchises and indirectly through demonstration effects, creates backward linkages that develop local suppliers, fosters exports by their suppliers, and has positive external effects on productivity and standards of service, cleanliness, and quality in the host economies.

scholarly journals When Interbranch Norms Break Down: Of Arms-for-Hostages, "Orderly Shutdowns, "Presidential Impeachments, and Judicial Coups

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Shane
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Republican Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Government ◽  
Democratic Legitimacy ◽  
National System ◽  
Effective Operation ◽  
Political Conservatism ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Government

The orderly and effective operation of our national system of government was intended to depend to an exceptional degree upon certain norms of cooperation among its competing branches. The strength of those norms is essential to securing the primary political asset that our government design was intended to help realize: an especially robust form of democratic legitimacy. From this standpoint, it is constitutionally worrisome that norms critical to inter-branch cooperation are coming under heedless assault. To illustrate the problem, this article revisits four critical episodes that have involved destabilizing and antidemocratic initiatives, each undertaken by a branch of the national government while in the control of the current, very conservative generation of Republican party leadership: the Iran-Contra affair, the government shutdown of 1995, the impeachment of President Clinton, and the Senate stonewalling of President Clinton's judicial nominations. The repeated willingness of the Republican Party's most conservative elements to engage in such initiatives is not rooted in political conservatism per se. It reflects rather the narrowing social and ideological base of the Republican Party, and is consistent with a contempt for democratic pluralism that characterizes the constitutional outlook of leading Republican legal theorists. Unless matters are improved, the United States may otherwise be headed towards a new political equilibrium that does considerable violence to America's modern practice of democratic legitimacy.

scholarly journals Cash versus Lotteries: COVID-19 Vaccine Incentives Experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M Duch ◽  
Adrian Barnett ◽  
Maciej Filipek ◽  
Laurence Roope ◽  
Mara Violato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Random Assignment

Governments are considering financial incentives to increase vaccine uptake to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Incentives being offered include cash-equivalents such as vouchers or being entered into lotteries. Our experiment involved random assignment of 1,628 unvaccinated participants in the United States to one of three 45 second informational videos promoting vaccination with messages about: (a) health benefits of COVID-19 vaccines (control); (b) being entered into lotteries; or (c) receiving cash equivalent vouchers. After seeing the control health information video, 16% of individuals wanted information on where to get vaccinated. This compared with 14% of those assigned to the lottery video (odds ratio of 0.82 relative to control: 95% credible interval 0.57-1.17) and 22% of those assigned to the cash voucher video (odds ratio of 1.53 relative to control: 95% credible interval 1.11-2.11). These results support greater use of cash vouchers to promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake and do not support the use of lottery incentives.

Antitrust and Third Party Insurers

1982 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-270
Author(s):  
George Heitler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
United States Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Party ◽  
United States Supreme ◽  
Rule Of Reason ◽  
Relative Value ◽  
Care Field ◽  
Per Se

AbstractThis Article surveys major antitrust issues affecting the health care field with particular emphasis on third party insurers. It deals with the most recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court, including Maricopa, Pireno and McCready, involving limitations on the scope of the antitrust exemptions, and the bearing of these decisions on third party insurers, provider agreements, peer review mechanisms, physician control or sponsorship of prepayment plans, joint insurer activities, relative value fee schedules, maximum fee schedules, and area-wide planning. The Article challenges the desirability of strict application of antitrust principles to these and other activities within the health care field, stressing that practices with procompetitive and cost containment aspects should be encouraged and analyzed under the rule of reason rather than a per se approach.

Libraries in Africa: Pioneers, Policies, Problems. By ANTHONY OLDEN. Lanham, MD., and London: Scarecrow Press, 1996 (UK agent: Shelwing Ltd., Folkestone). Pp. xx + 170. £35.65 (ISBN 0-8108-3093-0).

1997 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-177
Author(s):  
A. D. ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Carnegie Corporation ◽  
Library Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Per Se ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
The University

This expensive little book, originally a thesis for the University of Illinois, is an artless but sometimes perceptive account of certain library endeavours in British East and West Africa, based on archival and library research in Britain and the United States. It is not a history of libraries per se so much as a study of instances of external aid to the development of libraries beyond the sphere of teaching institutions. In the 1930s, one such source – as in so much of the English-speaking world – was the Carnegie Corporation. Grants to Kenya underpinned a system of circulating libraries, the depot for which was housed in the McMillan Memorial Library, Nairobi; membership was confined to whites until 1958. In Lagos, Alan Burns, as chief secretary, secured a grant to start an unsegregated but fee-charging library: in 1934 just 43 of its 481 members were African. The grant ended in 1935, but the library was still going forty years later.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a 38 L Explosive Chamber for Testing Coal Dust Explosibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Robert Eades ◽  
Kyle Perry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Coal Dust ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Underground Coal Mine ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Dust Explosions

Coal dust explosions are the deadliest disasters facing the coal mining industry. Research has been conducted globally on this topic for decades. The first explosibility tests in the United States were performed by the Bureau of Mines using a 20 L chamber. This serves as the basis for all standardized tests used for combustible dusts. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of a new 38 L chamber for testing coal dust explosions. The 38 L chamber features design modifications to model the unique conditions present in an underground coal mine when compared to other industries where combustible dust hazards are present. A series of explosibility tests were conducted within the explosive chamber using a sample of Pittsburgh pulverized coal dust and a five kJ Sobbe igniter. Analysis to find the maximum pressure ratio and Kst combustible dust parameter was performed for each trial. Based upon this analysis, observations are made for each concentration regarding whether the explosibility test was under-fueled or over-fueled. Based upon this analysis, a recommendation for future explosibility testing concentrations is made.

scholarly journals Distance Education in Agricultural Economics: Perceptions of Department Heads

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-264
Author(s):  
Kim Jensen ◽  
Burton English ◽  
Christopher Clark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Distance Education ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Department Heads ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Faculty Time ◽  
Distance Courses ◽  
Future Plans

Heads of agricultural economics and agribusiness departments across the United States are surveyed to develop an inventory of distance education (DE) offerings by their departments. Perceived challenges, strategies for use, and future plans for DE are assessed. While the majority of the responding departments offer DE, the department heads believed that faculty time costs to develop/deliver DE are high relative to traditional delivery and that both strategic plans for implementing DE and financial incentives for faculty to adopt DE are lacking. The department heads did, however, have positive views about the technological ability of students to use distance courses.

Nasser’s Cage

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Orkaby
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
The United States ◽  
South Arabia ◽  
Decision To Stay ◽  
Hearts And Minds

The 1964 Arab Summit and subsequent Egyptian-Saudi agreements appeared to mark the end of Egypt’s military adventure in Yemen. In 1965, however, Nasser reneged on his commitment to withdraw, declaring instead his “long-breath strategy” to remain in Yemen indefinitely. Nasser’s decision to stay in Yemen was encouraged by financial incentives from US President Johnson and Soviet Chairman Brezhnev, who preferred to keep Nasser’s aggressive foreign policy contained in Yemen. While supporting Egypt’s continued presence in Yemen, the United States, with a large USAID presence, and the USSR, with a group of pro-Soviet Yemeni leaders, were competing for the “hearts and minds” of Yemenis in an effort to secure an independent position in South Arabia.

De Facto and De Jure Recognition : Is There a Difference?

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles L. Cochran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Legal Adviser ◽  
Per Se

The last decade has witnessed considerable evolution in the practice of recognition of new governments that have come to power by irregular means. Many of these changes appear to have gone almost unnoticed by many scholars in the field.Of particular significance is the denial by Miss Marjorie Whiteman, Assistant Legal Adviser to the Department of State, in Volume II of her work, of a difference in the character of recognition, i.e., de facto or de jure recognition. Miss Whiteman lends her authority to this position when she states in Volume II of her Digest: While the terms “de facto recognition” and “de jure recognition” are frequently employed, the expressions “recognition of a de facto government,” situation, etc., are preferable. The character of the object recognized may be recognized as “de facto” in existence or control. In prevailing practice, when the United States extends recognition, it is recognition per se not “de facto” recognition.

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