Promoting the rule of rationality over positive law and legal thinking

The paper makes the following claims. First, the most important problem for contemporary legal philosophy is contrasting the morally disgusting state of the world. Second, qua jurisprudents, the problem must be dealt with indirectly. Third, the indirect way of dealing with the problem requires pursuing the goal of promoting the rule of reason, the dominance of rationality, over law and legal thinking. Fourth, such an overall goal is to be pursued by breaking it down into five more specific goals: namely, promoting the epistemic, methodological, conceptual, instrumental, and substantive rationality of law and/or legal thinking. Fifth, pretentious and idle ways of doing jurisprudence must be put aside.

PRINSIP RULE OF REASON TERHADAP PRAKTIK DUGAAN KARTEL MENURUT PASAL 11 UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR. 5 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG LARANGAN PRAKTEK MONOPOLI DAN PERSAINGAN USAHA TIDAK SEHAT

: The Purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the Rule of Reason Principle on Alleged Cartel Practices according to Article 11 of Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. The agreement in this cartel practice is carried out between business actors to influence the marketing of goods to price determination agreements. Number 5 of 1999 has prohibited the practice of cartels in Indonesia. This type of research is normative juridical with a statutory approach. The results of the study conclude that the evidence refers to the Rule of Reason principle, the allegation of a price fixing cartel can be proven if there is a negative effect or hinders fair business competition.

Implementasi Pasal 17 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 1999 terhadap Rule Of Reason (Studi di Komisi Pengawasan Persaingan Usaha Wilayah II Kota Batam)

Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat sebenarnya tidak lepas dari krisis moneter yang kemudian berlanjut kepada krisis ekonomi yang melanda Indonesia dipertengahan tahun 1997, dimana pemerintah didasarkan bahwa sebenarnya Fundamental ekomoni Indonesia terjadi karena beberapa kebijakan pemerintah di beberapa sektor ekonomi yang kurang tepat yang menyebabkan pasar menjadi terdistorsi (penjelasan Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat). Dunia persaingan usaha adalah dunia yang kompleks dan mencangkup beberapa sektor kehidupan termasuk sektor-sektor vital yang bersentuhan langsung dengan kehidupan masyarakat. Harmonisasi Pasal 17 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat yang tertuang didalam BAB IV Tentang Kegiatan yang dilarang pada bahagian Monopoli pelaku usaha dilarang melakukan penguasaan atas produksi dan/atau pemasaran barang dan/atau jasa yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya praktek Monopoli atau persaingan usaha yang tidak sehat. Pelaku usaha patut di duga atau di anggap bersalah. Tujuan dari pengajuan penelitian ini nantinya di harapkan untuk: Pertama, Memberikan Pemahaman Kepada Pelaku Usaha Hal-Hal atau Pendekatan Terhadap Pelanggaran Baik Bersifat Perjanjian yang di Larang Maupun Pelanggaran Bentuk Lainnya. Kedua, Memberikan Pemahaman Kepada Pihak (Pelaku Usaha) Tentang Mencegah Praktek Monopoli dan/atau Perjanjian Usaha yang Tidak Sehat Baik yang di Atur dalam Pasal 5 dan Pasal 17 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 Tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, Termasuk Sanksi atas Pelanggaran dari Kedua Pasal Tersebut. Penelitian ini di lakukan dengan jenis Penelitian yuridis empiris yaitu penelitian yang langsung terjun ke lapangan.

Research Title (Perceptions of the Practical Mind in Contemporary Fundamental Research for the Imamiyyah)

The issue of the practical mind is a clear landmark as it formed a common element in both philosophy, theology and the principles of jurisprudence, and this issue is the cognitive field that relates to human actions and behavior, what should be done and what should not. Within the folds of the research that dealt with the recognition of the sovereignty of the mind and its ability to rule in isolation from the law, two paths appeared in the fundamentalist thought. The independent objective of these perceptions, and that their existence is not a consideration of the mind and this is what the mental school adopts. It should be noted that the two paths are based on rationality and ugliness, noting that they are a branch of the rule of reason and its independence in ruling apart from Sharia, and thus the size of the distance between the two paths becomes clear. Keywords: the nature of the mind, divisions of the mind, perceptions of the practical mind.

Afterword

The sensory turn and the affective turn in contemporary scholarship both crystalised at roughly the same time but then diverged. This special issue reintegrates them. Conjointly, these twin approaches direct attention to the multiplicity, agency, and interactivity of the full spectrum of human faculties (i.e., how the senses and affects intersect with and may also disrupt the rule of reason) in addition to highlighting the extent to which ‘the perceptual is political.’ The resulting paradigm has precipitated a shift from the study of communities as ‘imagined’ to how they are sensed and/or felt, and from a focus on ‘the human condition’ to the intensive investigation of the multiple ‘national post-revolutionary conditions’ that define the current conjuncture. By foregrounding the aesthetics of politics, and tracking the eruption of dis-sensus (laughter, graffiti, dissent) within the con-sensus that states seek to foster in their citizenry, this special issue sounds a much-needed wake-up call.

Methodology of the Commentary Makhzan Al-‘Irfān by Lady Amin (Regarding the Interpretation of the Verses Related to “Women” in the Qur'an)

This descriptive-analytical research is devoted to the review of the methodology and interpretive approach of Lady Nusrat Begum Amin in her commentary of Makhzan al-‘Irfān. The results show that Lady Amin, considering various narrations that confirm and encourage the use of the Qur’an in interpretation, has widely used the interpretive method of Qur'an by Qur'an. Narrations, as the second source of interpreting the Qur'an, have played a significant role in this commentary as well. In addition, the use of the source of reason (aql) and rational arguments is also often seen in the interpretation of verses to the extent that sometimes the commentator prefers the rule of reason to the appearance (zāhir) of the verse and commentators’ opinions. In this commentary, sufficient attention has been paid to the role of Arabic literature for interpreting the Qur'an, since in its different places, morphological and syntactic issues have been used extensively and the interpreter sometimes mentions the use of rhetorical methods in the verses. There are also many philosophical issues in this book, which itself proves the author's profound philosophical knowledge. The commentator has also tried to discover the esoteric meanings of the verses of the Qur'an, noting that in discovering the esoteric meanings, she has paid attention to the appearance of the verses and has taken very cautious steps in this field. In this commentary, theological and doctrinal issues are also discussed in detail along with some verses. Theological discussions are in some cases with an independent title and in some cases in the form of questions and answers. In her commentary, Lady Amin has dealt with jurisprudential issues very little and only for a brief explanation of the verses. Considering the prominent role of different interpretive methods and approaches, her interpretation can be considered as a comprehensive one. In interpreting the verses related to women in the Qur'an, Lady Amin has emphasized paying attention to the types of inherent and non-intrinsic differences between men and women. He stressed the need to pay attention to these differences in providing a correct interpretation of verses related to women.

ANALISIS PENGUASAAN PASAR PADA PELAYANAN JASA BONGKAR MUAT PETIKEMAS OLEH PT. PELINDO III DI PELABUHAN L. SAY MAUMERE

This study aims to determine the fulfillment of the elements of Article 19 letters a and b of Law No. 5 Year 1999 related to market control carried out by PT Pelindo III. Control of the market in the world of trading is not prohibited, it becomes prohibited if the business actor's behavior is in the sale of goods or services with the aim of killing competitors. In the Decision No. 15/KPPU-L/2018, the Commission Council only stipulated Article 17 paragraph (1) and (2) letter b of Law No. 5 Year 1999 regarding the monopoly carried out by PT Pelindo III. The Commission Council considers that the 100% mandatory stack policy stipulated by PT Pelindo III is not yet feasible to be established at a port that is multipurpose like a container port, especially with the additional logistics costs that are passed on to consumers, this results in losses for various parties. This research is a normative study using a conceptual, a statutory, and a case approach. The research show that it can be concluded that the consideration of the Commission Council in the decision on the actions committed by PT Pelindo III in the case is not in accordance with the rule of reason approach, the action refers to Article 19 letters a and b of Law No. 5 of 1999 which has been proven by considering an economic point of view, seeing the existence of witness evidence, expert testimony, and the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation which was violated by PT Pelindo III.

Can Computational Antitrust Succeed?

Computational antitrust comes to us at a time when courts and agencies are underfunded and overwhelmed, all while having to apply indeterminate rules to massive amounts of information in fast-moving markets. In the same way that Amazon disrupted e-commerce through its inventory and sales algorithms and TikTok’s progressive recommendation system keeps users hooked, computational antitrust holds the promise to revolutionize antitrust law. Implemented well, computational antitrust can help courts curate and refine precedential antitrust cases, identify anticompetitive effects, and model innovation effects and counterfactuals in killer acquisition cases. The beauty of AI is that it can reach outcomes humans alone cannot define as “good” or “better” as the untrained neural network interrogates itself via the process of trial and error. The maximization process is dynamic, with the AI being capable of scouring options to optimize the best rewards under the given circumstances, mirroring how courts operationalize antitrust policy–computing the expected reward from executing a policy in a given environment. At the same time, any system is only as good as its weakest link, and computational antitrust is no exception. The synergistic possibilities that humans and algorithms offer depend on their interplay. Humans may lean on ideology as a heuristic when they must interpret the rule of reason according to economic theory and evidence. For this reason, it becomes imperative to understand, mitigate, and, where appropriate, harness those biases.

Prinsip Per Se Illegal dan Rule of Reason Secara Alternatif dalam Penetapan Harga Industri Jasa Freight Container (Uang Tambang)

Dalam Hukum Persaingan Usaha dikenal dua pendekatan yaitu pendekatan yuridis dan pendekatan ekonomi. Pendekatan yuridis meliputi Prinsip per se illegal, prinsip rule of reason, dan Prinsip per se illegal dan rule of reason secara alternatif. Prinsip per se illegal dan rule of reason secara alternatif merupakan suatu prinsip dalam hukum persaingan usaha yang penerapannya menggabungkan prinsip per se illegal dan rule of reason. Penelitian ini meliputi kepastian hukum penerapan prinsip per se illegal dan rule of reason dalam Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1999 dan penerapan prinsip per se illegal dan rule of reason secara alternatif dalam penetapan harga industri jasa freight container (uang tambang). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan, tidak terdapat kepastian hukum mengenai kapan digunakannya prinsip per se illegal dan rule of reason dalam suatu perkara. dan juga kasus penetapan harga industri jasa freight container (uang tambang) menggunakan prinsip per se illegal dan rule of reason secara alternatif yang diterapkan secara bersamaan.

A survey of cases of the pay-for-delay agreement in the post-Actavis era

What are the further developments on pay-for-delay agreements following Actavis, the case decided by the US Supreme Court regarding a pay-for-delay dispute in 2013? We surveyed 17 pay-to-delay deals involving brand-name drug owners and generic companies to see how their deals were structured in light of Actavis, as well as the results of follow-on court cases involving such contracts. As a result, we posit here that a no-Authorized Generic (AG) provision, the clause in a pay-for-delay agreement that asks the company making the brand-name drug not to launch its own generic drug in the market, occurred in almost half of the deals in our survey. More importantly, we found that the judges in cases following Actavis did not establish a framework to analyse whether pay-for-delay payments were large and unjustified. Therefore, the judges could not adequately explain why a given pay-for-delay agreement may have been anti-competitive under the rule-of-reason test under Actavis. Through these findings, we inferred that drug manufacturers should be able to avoid including no-AG provisions in their settlements. Finally, we predicted that antitrust agencies and courts would achieve a stronger interpretation of ‘large and unjustified payments’ if they unified the analytical framework for pay-for-delay agreements.