Die Doppelstellung des Opferzeugen

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Endler
Keyword(s):  
Individual Case ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
Victim Participation ◽  
The Individual

This thesis offers a comprehensive examination of the tensions resulting from the dual role of victim witnesses in criminal trials. Based on an in-depth analysis of their interdependent functions as victims and witnesses, it establishes the tense relationship between active victim participation and the ascertainment of truth. The author concludes that active victim participation certainly has a right to exist but needs to step back if that right hinders the truth being established. On this basis, he then examines the individual rights of active victims. For this purpose, he evinces the influence of each of those respective rights on the ascertainment of truth by means of psychological principles, in order to then draw conclusions which are partly addressed to legislators but in particular to the practitioner of law in each individual case.

USES AND ABUSES OF ANTIPYRETIC THERAPY

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 774-780
Author(s):  
Alan K. Done
Keyword(s):  
Individual Case ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Considerable Confusion ◽  
Mere Presence ◽  
Reduced Toxicity ◽  
The Individual

FEVER is undoubtedly the most common symptom confronting the physician who treats children. It is fought as though it were the patient's primary disease, and its mere presence is often accepted as being sufficient indication for the institution of antipyretic therapy. It is not surprising, therefore, that therapeutists and pharmaceutical concerns have energetically sought new and better drugs for the control of fever. In the past few years there has appeared on the market a number of new formulations which are purported to offer distinct advantages in terms of antipyretic potency, acceptance by children, and/or reduced toxicity. It is axiomatic that virtually any claim regarding a drug can be supported by published data, if the proper study is selected and interpretation is sufficiently influenced by conviction. Particularly is this true of antipyretic-analgesic drugs, where such factors as lability in the case of fever and lack of objectivity in the case of pain, make evaluation difficult. The claims and counterclaims which have been made concerning antipyretic drugs have led to considerable confusion and misunderstanding on the part of clinicians in general. The purpose of this presentation is to attempt to provide some clarification of this problem. IS ANTIPYRESIS INDICATED? More critical than the choice of an antipyretic is the question of whether or not such therapy is indicated in the individual case, for there is little doubt that these drugs are grossly overused, at times to the detriment of the patient. Therefore, before discussing the antipyretics themselves, it seems appropriate to review briefly a number of points which deserve consideration before one elects to use an antipyretic. DuBois summarized a lifetime of study on fever and the regulation of body temperature with the statement: "Fever is only a symptom and we are not sure that it is an enemy. Perhaps it is a friend." The literature concerning the possible role of fever in body defenses is extensive and inconclusive.

scholarly journals Avoiding Pitfalls in Applying Prediction Models, As Illustrated by the Example of Prostate Cancer Diagnosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1490-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Cammann ◽  
Klaus Jung ◽  
Hellmuth-A Meyer ◽  
Carsten Stephan
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Discrimination Performance ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodological Aspects

BACKGROUND The use of different mathematical models to support medical decisions is accompanied by increasing uncertainties when they are applied in practice. Using prostate cancer (PCa) risk models as an example, we recommend requirements for model development and draw attention to possible pitfalls so as to avoid the uncritical use of these models. CONTENT We conducted MEDLINE searches for applications of multivariate models supporting the prediction of PCa risk. We critically reviewed the methodological aspects of model development and the biological and analytical variability of the parameters used for model development. In addition, we reviewed the role of prostate biopsy as the gold standard for confirming diagnoses. In addition, we analyzed different methods of model evaluation with respect to their application to different populations. When using models in clinical practice, one must validate the results with a population from the application field. Typical model characteristics (such as discrimination performance and calibration) and methods for assessing the risk of a decision should be used when evaluating a model's output. The choice of a model should be based on these results and on the practicality of its use. SUMMARY To avoid possible errors in applying prediction models (the risk of PCa, for example) requires examining the possible pitfalls of the underlying mathematical models in the context of the individual case. The main tools for this purpose are discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis.

scholarly journals Ultrasound in central venous access for hemodialysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 112972982110194
Author(s):  
Giacomo Forneris ◽  
Antonio Marciello ◽  
Daniele Savio ◽  
Maurizio Gallieni
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasound Guidance ◽  
Central Venous Access ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Central Venous ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
The Individual

Central venous cannulation is a frequent need for urgent or scheduled hemodialysis. Many studies confirmed the pivotal role of ultrasound in this procedure. Vascular access guidelines strongly recommend ultrasound guidance. Its usefulness has been demonstrated not only in reducing complications of venipuncture but more recently for the evaluation of central venous catheter (CVC) placement and real-time check for possible complications. The use of ultrasound requires a precise technique for the correct handling of the probe and the needle movement. Different approaches as the out-of-plane, in-plane, and oblique methods are available, enabling the most appropriate for the individual case. Although the learning curve for CVC ultrasound placement is usually fast, formal training and certification for beginners are strongly recommended.

scholarly journals MRI demyelination pattern and clinical course in a child with cerebral X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 204798161557365
Author(s):  
Johannes Nowak ◽  
Ulrike Löbel ◽  
Matthias Wölfl ◽  
Paul-Gerhardt Schlegel ◽  
Monika Warmuth-Metz
Keyword(s):  
Prognostic Markers ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Imaging Features ◽  
Mri Findings ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Individual

The clinical spectrum in boys with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) ranges from isolated adrenocortical insufficiency and slowly progressive myelopathy to devastating cerebral demyelination. In the individual case, the disease course still remains unpredictable. Research findings suggest an important role of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesion patterns as prognostic markers for X-ALD. Hence, familiarity with imaging features of childhood X-ALD in combination with clinical manifestation is required in order to stratify affected patients for therapy. We report on MRI findings and clinical course of cerebral X-ALD in a young boy with a rare subtype of white matter demyelination.

scholarly journals Abstract and Concrete Reasonableness Review by the European Court of Human Rights

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-247
Author(s):  
Janneke Gerards
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Individual Decision ◽  
European Court ◽  
Considerable Confusion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Best Fit

Abstract In many cases, the ECtHR is clearly asked to examine an individual decision, such as an administrative or court decision, but many other applications concern the reasonableness of interferences caused by national legislation. At present, there appears to be considerable confusion and controversy with the Court’s judges as to whether its review in the second category of cases should be concrete (focussing on the individual case only), abstract (focussing on the legislative system as a whole), or both (or a hybrid). This article presents a systematic and qualitative analysis of the Court’s case law to find out which approaches it takes to the reasonableness review of legislation in which types of cases. Based on the results of the analysis it further endeavours to answer the question of which approach would best fit the Court’s double role of delivering both individual and general justice.

scholarly journals How precision medicine changes medical epistemology: A formative case from Norway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Vogt ◽  
Bjørn Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Precision Medicine ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
What Works ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The Individual

Rationale and aims: Precision medicine (PM) raises a key question: How can we know what works when the number of people with a health problem becomes small or one (n=1)? We here present a formative case from Norway. The Norwegian Board of Health Supervision was faced with a cancer patient, who had improved after treatment with a drug in the private health sector but was refused continued treatment in the public health service due to lack of clinical trial evidence. The Board overturned this decision, arguing that the drug had been unambiguously documented to work in the individual case. We aim to provide an in-depth analysis of this case and The Board´s decision and thereby to illustrate and elucidate key epistemological and ethical issues and developments in PM. Method: We provide our analysis and discussion using tools of critical thinking and concepts from philosophy of science and medicine such as uncertainty, evidence, forms of inference and causation. We also examine the case in the light of the history of evidence-based medicine (EBM). Results and discussion: The case reflects an epistemological shift in medicine where PM puts greater emphasis on evidence that arises in individual patients after the treatment is provided over preexisting population-based evidence. PM may rely more heavily on abduction to decide what works and qualitative, rather than quantitative judgments. The case also illustrates a possible shift in the concept of causation from regularity accounts to mechanistic and process accounts. We discuss ethical implications of a shift from more “traditional” to “personalized EBM”. Conclusion: A framework that is more based on abductions and evidence arising in the individual case has problems in creating quantifiable, reliable, and generalizable evidence, and in promoting transparency and accountability. PM currently lacks clear criteria for deciding what works in an individual, posing ethical challenges.

scholarly journals Senses, Religion, and Religious Encounter: Literature Review and Research Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cuffel ◽  
Licia Di Giacinto ◽  
Volkhard Krech
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
New Directions ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Religious Other ◽  
The Individual

An overview of the senses in the study of religion and religious encounter is provided, along with reflections on the ways in which various specific senses were imagined to serve as modes of communication between human beings and between humans and transcendent beings. How the individual case studies collected in this volume inform such a project and further research on religion, the senses, and the role of the senses in religious encounter is a core concern of this introductory essay. We end by suggesting new directions for additional research for an integrated and systematic examination of how senses shape and are used in human encounters with the transcendent and the (human) religious Other.

Shoulder Pain at Work: Causation Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Joel Weddington ◽  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Mark Melhorn ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Shoulder Injury ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Causation Analysis ◽  
Injury Causation ◽  
Relevant Factors

Abstract In most cases of shoulder injury at work, causation analysis is not clear-cut and requires detailed, thoughtful, and time-consuming causation analysis; traditionally, physicians have approached this in a cursory manner, often presenting their findings as an opinion. An established method of causation analysis using six steps is outlined in the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine Guidelines and in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, Second Edition, as follows: 1) collect evidence of disease; 2) collect epidemiological data; 3) collect evidence of exposure; 4) collect other relevant factors; 5) evaluate the validity of the evidence; and 6) write a report with evaluation and conclusions. Evaluators also should recognize that thresholds for causation vary by state and are based on specific statutes or case law. Three cases illustrate evidence-based causation analysis using the six steps and illustrate how examiners can form well-founded opinions about whether a given condition is work related, nonoccupational, or some combination of these. An evaluator's causal conclusions should be rational, should be consistent with the facts of the individual case and medical literature, and should cite pertinent references. The opinion should be stated “to a reasonable degree of medical probability,” on a “more-probable-than-not” basis, or using a suitable phrase that meets the legal threshold in the applicable jurisdiction.

School Success and School Engagement of Immigrant Children and Adolescents

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frosso Motti-Stefanidi ◽  
Ann S. Masten
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
School Engagement ◽  
School Success ◽  
Immigrant Children ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
The Individual

Academic achievement in immigrant children and adolescents is an indicator of current and future adaptive success. Since the future of immigrant youths is inextricably linked to that of the receiving society, the success of their trajectory through school becomes a high stakes issue both for the individual and society. The present article focuses on school success in immigrant children and adolescents, and the role of school engagement in accounting for individual and group differences in academic achievement from the perspective of a multilevel integrative model of immigrant youths’ adaptation ( Motti-Stefanidi, Berry, Chryssochoou, Sam, & Phinney, 2012 ). Drawing on this conceptual framework, school success is examined in developmental and acculturative context, taking into account multiple levels of analysis. Findings suggest that for both immigrant and nonimmigrant youths the relationship between school engagement and school success is bidirectional, each influencing over time the other. Evidence regarding potential moderating and mediating roles of school engagement for the academic success of immigrant youths also is evaluated.

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