Das Recht des internationalen Kreditkonsortiums

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Böhle

The book examines the legal relationships in international loan syndicates based on the model contracts developed by the Loan Market Association (LMA). German law qualifies loan syndicates as partnerships. This qualification is questioned as it conforms neither to the expectations nor to the needs of the parties involved. With a constant comparative law approach (primarily England and France), the work brings together legal doctrine, legal theory and economics in order to develop practical solutions with regard to syndicate voting and duties of information in an LMA loan syndicate as well as the interpretation and judicial review of an LMA syndicate agreement.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-134
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bator

The paper analyses the sources of diversity in opinions about the acceptability of direct application of constitution by courts in the so-called confrontational version (a judicial review: the refusal of application of the parliamentary act which is incoherent with a constitution). I claim that such differences result from diverging assumptions accepted within analytic jurisprudence. More precisely speaking, the above differences stem from the three alternative approaches within analytic legal theory: a traditional, a modern, and a postmodern (postanalytic) one. Polish legal thought is dominated by the modern approach, what influence also a debate on the direct applicability of constitution. The modern approach hardly accepts a situation in which a legal professional (a judge) needs to face new social and political challenges. The more adequate in this respect seems to be the postanalytic approach. Thus, arguments which refuse the judge’s right to directly and autonomously apply the constitution against the parliamentary law (which are put forth by some representatives of both legal doctrine and judiciary), are based mainly upon the modern version of the analytic legal theory. Alternatively, the postanalytic perspective offers theoretical foundations for the acceptability of direct and autonomous judicial application of the constitution. As for the traditional version of analytic theory, it possesses some explanatory force towards Polish political practice of the day. Since it supports claims which question any form of judicial activism. This approach seems to undermine any reasons for the existence of independent constitutional judiciary, the direct application of constitution byordinary courts included.


2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Villu Kõve

Estonia is one of the few countries where the abstraction principle (Abstraktionsprinzip) is recognised as the basis for title transfer in property law. Derived from the works of Savigny and from Germany’s strong land-register system, it is also among the basic principles of property law in Germany (the foundations of the BGB). In most countries, however, transfer of title is causal. The article describes how Estonia adopted and adapted German legal doctrine and thinking in this important field of law. This path was a long one, even though Estonian law has deep connections to German traditions. Before 1940, Estonia’s most important legal act was the Baltic Private Law Act, wherein the abstraction principle clearly was not recognised and the causal transfer of title formed the grounds in property law. In the Soviet era, though property law was given far less emphasis, the causal approach still served as its basis. When Estonia became independent, in the early 1990s, a new system of property law was urgently needed for purposes of land reform and for implementing the land-register system. German support for preparing the new Law of Property Act along the lines of German law was accepted, and the new law entered into force in 1993. Remarkably, at the beginning of this process it was not certain whether the abstraction principle would get implemented, but it became accepted through almost a decade of case law, and the new laws were later amended such that the principle was – unlike in German law – clearly formulated (in the General Part of the Civil Code). The abstraction principle has been an important part of Estonian property law and legal thinking ever since, firmly established both in legal theory and in case law. This process demonstrates well how a legal transplant from a given legal system can work in another.


2021 ◽  
pp. 343-359
Author(s):  
Slobodan Vukadinović

The aim of this paper is to explore the specifics of the Germ an approach in resolving legal issues that are raised regarding general terms and conditions. Applying legal-dogmatic, comparative and legal-historical methods, the paper examines the characteristics and basic directions of development of Germ an legal theory and legislation regarding general terms and conditions. The basics of understanding legal doctrine on the character and legal nature of general terms and conditions are laid out chronologically according to the time of creation and period of dominant influence. The paper highlights the extent to which the legal-theoretic and legal-dogmatic development of German law regarding general terms affected other German-speaking countries, primarily Austria and Switzerland. Legal theoretic development in German law ranged from the strong dominance of normative theory to its strong critics that led to the empowerment of contractual theory. Norm ative legal development is characterized by the principle 'from a special law to the general part of the civil code'. The review of the relevant BGB paragraphs shows that when amending paragraphs of the BGB, the legal concept, which was shaped through German theory and legislation in a coherent whole and in a special law on regulating the general terms and conditions law, was preserved. The provisions of that law were essentially taken into the German Civil Code in 2002 as part of the reform of German contract law. This law not only affected the development of other national legal systems, but also had some impact on the development of consumer law at the European Union level. Namely, some of its provisions were used as the basis for one of the most important directives concerning unfair contractual provisions. The paper also points to the current mechanisms for controlling general terms and conditions through the control of the validity of inclusion (incorporation), the black and grey list of contractual provisions and the general clause.


Author(s):  
Douglas E. Edlin

“JUDICIAL REVIEW”[1] SEM UMA CONSTITUIÇÃO ESCRITA* JUDICIAL REVIEW WITHOUT A CONSTITUTION Douglas E. Edlin**RESUMO: Nos Estados Unidos, o “judicial review” é entendido, desde Marbury v. Madison (1803), como a avaliação judicial de atos governamentais para assegurar a compatibilidade com a Constituição. Mas antes e depois do caso Marbury, cortes estaduais e federais desenvolveram e praticaram uma espécie de “judicial review” no qual os princípios do “Common Law”, conjuntamente ou ao invés de um cânon documental, onde se utiliza o corpo fundamental da doutrina jurídica para avaliar as ações públicas. Este artigo corrige alguns erros de concepção pelos quais a forma de “judicial review” utilizada no caso Marbury [controle de constitucionalidade] seria a única forma de “judicial review” que existiu ou possa existir neste país. Mais particularmente, o artigo esclarece uma falha de certos escritores em distinguir corretamente o “Common Law” e o direito natural como áreas da teoria e da doutrina do direito. Ao corrigir alguns destes erros históricos e teóricos, o artigo delineia uma compreensão do “judicial review” que descreve mais ampla e corretamente o seu desenvolvimento durante o período formativo do pensamento constitucional norte-americano. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Judicial Review. Common Law. Direito Natural. Marbury. Constituição. ABSTRACT: In the United States, judicial review is understood, since Marbury v. Madison (1803), as judicial evaluation of government action to ensure compliance with the Constitution. But before and after Marbury, state and federal courts developed and practiced a form of judicial review in which common law principles, along with or instead of a canonical document, were the foundational body of legal doctrine against which public actions were assessed. This article carefully examines the cases in which this alternative form of judicial review emerged, and corrects certain misconceptions that Marbury must be the only form of judicial review that has existed or can exist in this country. More particularly, the article clarifies a failure by certain writers to distinguish properly between common law and natural law as matters of legal theory and legal doctrine. In correcting some of these theoretical and historical errors, the article outlines an understanding of judicial review that more fully captures its development during the formative period of American constitutional thought. KEYWORDS: Judicial Review. Common Law. Natural Law. Marbury. Constitution. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1. Os Precedentes das Cortes Estaduais. 2. Os Casos da Suprema Corte. 2.1 O Caso Calder v. Bull. 2.2. O Caso Chisholm v. Geórgia. 2.3. O Caso Fletcher v. Peck. Conclusão. Referências.[1] N. do T. A expressão “judicial review” é normalmente traduzida por controle de constitucionalidade, mas neste artigo o autor analisa o controle de atos legislativos com base em parâmetros que não coincidem, necessariamente, com a Constituição escrita, de modo que preferimos manter o termo no original.* O tradutor para a língua portuguesa, Romulo Ponticelli Giorgi Júnior, é mestre e doutorando em Direito Constitucional pela UFRGS, Procurador da Fazenda Nacional e Professor de Direito Constitucional na Faculdade São Judas Tadeu. Foi Procurador do Município de Porto Alegre, Procurador do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e Advogado da União.** Professor Assistente do Departamento de Ciência Política da Faculdade Dickinson. O autor agradece a Ken Kersch, a Dick Morgan, a Jim Murphy e a Sylvia Snowiss, assim como aos revisores anônimos que providenciaram várias sugestões muito úteis, por ter lido as versões prévias deste artigo e por terem corrigido erros nas idéias e na expressão destas. O autor assume a responsabilidade pelos erros que permaneceram.


2019 ◽  

This edited volume includes the lectures held at the seventh German-Taiwanese colloquium in Goettingen. It focused on comparative law with respect to the link between law itself, legal doctrine and language. This topic relates to a broader German academic debate about the function and value of legal doctrine. While criticised by German scholars, the German legal doctrine is, interestingly enough, what makes German law relevant for comparison and reception by foreign legal systems. The volume also discusses the challenges of language knowledge and adequate translation, which especially concerns a country like Taiwan, which largely incorporated foreign law into their legal system. It has become an increasingly important topic in the European Union as well. Altogether, the edited volume includes a well-balanced mixture of general dogmatic contributions and exemplary case studies. With contributions by Björn Ahl, Ai-er Chen, Chien-Liang Lee, Chun-Tao Lee, Ming-Hsin Lin, José Martínez, Johannes Reich, Dietmar von der Pfordten, Thorsten Ingo Schmidt, Frank Schorkopf, Christian Starck, Hui-Chieh Su, Tzu-Hui Yang


1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Livneh

It is difficult to see the connection between these two topics, but on 25 February 1975 the Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany gave a decision of great importance in both fields, and although Israel adheres to another system of law, in the opinion of the writer, this decision is of great interest here too.The amendment of the German law relating to abortions, whose constitutionality was examined in the judgment mentioned, is part of a reform movement spreading from Europe to the Americas in the West and to Russia, India and Singapore in the East. It began to have influence upon legislation between the two wars (Russia 1920, Scandinavia and Switzerland in the 1930's), but gathered momentum particularly during the last decade (one of the earlier laws in this series is the English Abortion Act, 1967; one of the latest, the French Law of 17 January 1975).


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Carlos Bardavío Antón

The field of cults, and that of destructive or coercive cults in particular, has received little attention from the perspective of criminal law doctrine. Supporters of such groups often claim to be victims of a violation related to freedom of will. In this article, I consider various methodologies and manipulation techniques used by such groups and suggest that comparative law, criminal definitions, and regulatory problems provide the basis for a more comprehensive understanding of criminal phenomenology that includes these concerns: the loss of freedom through coercive persuasion, and thus being the victim of a crime, or through becoming an instrument for the commission of crimes ordered by third parties. Research shows that the conventional definition of crime against freedom of will and physical injury is inadequate. I posit that a new approach to legal doctrine and criminal classification is required to fight against new crime phenomenology. I propose a criminal classification aimed at considering coercive persuasion as a crime, and a definition for the criminalization of certain organizations that engage in willful misconduct or reckless conduct.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Anthony Carty

Abstract Customary international law as a source of general law is given a primary place in Article 38 of the ICJ Statute. However, it is historically a concept created by legal doctrine. The very idea of custom supposes legal persons are natural persons living in a dynamic, evolving community. This was the assumption of the historical school of law in the 19th century when the concept of custom was developed. Now the dominant notion of legal personality is the State as an impersonal corporation and international legal theory (Brierly and D’Amato) can see well that the death of the historical school of law has to mean the death of the concept of custom. What should replace it? Two steps need to be taken in sequence. Firstly, following the Swedish realist philosopher Haegerstrom, we have to ascertain the precise constellations of the conflictual attitudes the populations of States have to the patterns of normativity which they project onto international society. Secondly, we should follow the virtue ethics jurisprudence of Paul Ricoeur and others, who develop a theory of critical legal doctrinal judgement, along the classical lines of Aristotle and Confucius, to challenge and sort out the prejudices of peoples into some reasonable shape, whereby these can be encouraged to understand and respect one another. Then one will not have to endure so many silly interpretations of international law such as the one declaring that there are only rocks in the South China Sea and not islands. Such interpretations have nothing to do with the supposedly ordinary legal language analysis of a convention and the State practice surrounding it. They have to do entirely with a continued lack of respect by Western jurists for non-Western societies and nations.


Author(s):  
Anne C. Dailey

This chapter describes the contribution contemporary psychoanalysis has to make in three specific areas: legal theory, legal doctrine, and adjudication in the courtroom. Psychoanalysis improves the law’s theoretical foundations by modifying its foundational presumption of rationality. Psychoanalysis also helps to reform legal doctrine by identifying those particular subject matter areas, primarily family law and criminal law, where the law’s presumption of rationality leads to unjust legal rules. With domestic violence as its example, this chapter shows how psychoanalysis offers a body of practical knowledge that humanizes the law by bringing legal rules into line with actual, everyday lived experience. And finally, psychoanalysis reveals the deep tension between the law’s focus on individual moral responsibility for behavior and the law’s objective methods of proof in the courtroom. Psychoanalytic insights into the art of proving what really happened in a case can move law in the direction of a more empathic and forgiving model of judging. Overall, the psychoanalytic study of the law unveils the damaging consequences of the law’s rationalist assumptions about who we are as human beings, and offers an alternative, humanistic perspective in line with law’s foundational ideals of individual freedom and systemic justice.


Author(s):  
Kjell Å Modéer

This chapter is about the relations between the national legal system and the ‘other’—especially from the creation of the modern nation state in the early nineteenth century and up to current times. Comparative law in the twentieth century was dominated by the concept of ‘valid law’, functionalism, legal positivism and legal realism. The parameters of time and space within law were minimalized. The German law emigrés from Nazi Germany to England and the United States played a special role for the relation to comparative law, and several of these scholars played a great role for the post-war development of comparative law. Critical theories and post-colonialism have developed new legal discourses on culture and identity, and have increased interest not only in history but also in differences between legal cultures—and thus an increasing interest in comparative legal history.


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