scholarly journals Metabotropic Receptors 4 and the Immune Responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuoya Wan ◽  
Song Li
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
High Level

Neurotransmitters (NTs) have recently received increasing appreciation as important immune modulators. The immune cells express receptors for many classes of NTs and the communication between NTs and their receptors establish neuro-immune interactions for regulating effective immune response in both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 4 (mGluR4) is expressed at high level in CNS and plays a role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes in CNS. Recently, mGluR4 has been reported to be expressed on immune cells and have an impact on regulating the immune system. This chapter summarized the works associated with the immunogenic function of mGluR4 and its potential underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals Adipocyte, Immune Cells, and miRNA Crosstalk: A Novel Regulator of Metabolic Dysfunction and Obesity

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1004
Author(s):  
Sonia Kiran ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Santosh Kumar ◽  
Robert L Price ◽  
Udai P. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Liver Disorder ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

Obesity is characterized as a complex and multifactorial excess accretion of adipose tissue (AT) accompanied with alterations in the immune response that affects virtually all age and socioeconomic groups around the globe. The abnormal accumulation of AT leads to several metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disorder (NAFLD), low-grade inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), and cancer. AT is an endocrine organ composed of adipocytes and immune cells, including B-Cells, T-cells and macrophages. These immune cells secrete various cytokines and chemokines and crosstalk with adipokines to maintain metabolic homeostasis and low-grade chronic inflammation. A novel form of adipokines, microRNA (miRs), is expressed in many developing peripheral tissues, including ATs, T-cells, and macrophages, and modulates the immune response. miRs are essential for insulin resistance, maintaining the tumor microenvironment, and obesity-associated inflammation (OAI). The abnormal regulation of AT, T-cells, and macrophage miRs may change the function of different organs including the pancreas, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle. Since obesity and inflammation are closely associated, the dysregulated expression of miRs in inflammatory adipocytes, T-cells, and macrophages suggest the importance of miRs in OAI. Therefore, in this review article, we have elaborated the role of miRs as epigenetic regulators affecting adipocyte differentiation, immune response, AT browning, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance (IR), glucose homeostasis, obesity, and metabolic disorders. Further, we will discuss a set of altered miRs as novel biomarkers for metabolic disease progression and therapeutic targets for obesity.

scholarly journals Significance of metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists in experimental neuropathic pain in animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 6460-2020
Author(s):  
BOGDAN FELIKS KANIA ◽  
URSZULA BRACHA ◽  
GRZEGORZ LONC ◽  
TOMASZ WOJNAR
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Current Therapy ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Metabotropic Receptors ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Group I ◽  
Great Hope ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Therapeutic Problem

Neuropathic pain is a serious therapeutic problem. Current therapy is often ineffective, and the available drugs have serious side effects. For these reasons, the search for alternative therapeutic solutions is underway. Recent research on metabotropic receptors for glutamic acid (mGluR) gives great hope for the development of a new type of drug in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Particularly promising are antagonists of mGluR group I receptors. There are many studies demonstrating the efficacy of non-competitive mGlu1 and mGlu5 receptor antagonists in animal models of neuropathic pain. The purpose of this study was to gather information obtained from research on the role of mGluR antagonists in neuropathic pain. The blockade of intracellular glutamatergic receptor could represent a new strategy for the development of effective therapies for neuropathic pain.

scholarly journals Amygdala Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Influences Synaptic Transmission To Participate In Fentanyl-Induced Hyperalgesia In Rats

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Bai ◽  
Hengling Chen ◽  
Wenwu Hu ◽  
Jingtao Liu ◽  
Xianguang Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 ◽  
Opioid Induced Hyperalgesia ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fentanyl Group

Abstract The underlying mechanisms of opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) remain unclear. Herein, we found that the protein expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) was significantly increased in the right, but not in the left laterocapsular division of central nucleus of the amygdala (CeLC) in OIH rats. In CeLC neurons, the frequency and the amplitude of mini-excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) were significantly increased in fentanyl group which were decreased by acute application of a mGluR1 antagonist, A841720. Finally, the behavioral hypersensitivity could be reversed by A841720 microinjection into the right CeLC. These results show that the right CeLC mGluR1 is an important factor associated with OIH that enhances synaptic transmission and could be a potential drug target to alleviate fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia.

System Identification of mGluR-Dependent Long-Term Depression

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 650-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Tambuyzer ◽  
Tariq Ahmed ◽  
C. James Taylor ◽  
Daniel Berckmans ◽  
Detlef Balschun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
System Identification ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Powerful Approach ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
First Time

Recent advances have started to uncover the underlying mechanisms of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)–dependent long-term depression (LTD). However, it is not completely clear how these mechanisms are linked, and it is believed that several crucial mechanisms remain to be revealed. In this study, we investigated whether system identification (SI) methods can be used to gain insight into the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. SI methods have been shown to be an objective and powerful approach for describing how sensory neurons encode information about stimuli. However, to our knowledge, it is the first time that SI methods have been applied to electrophysiological brain slice recordings of synaptic plasticity responses. The results indicate that the SI approach is a valuable tool for reverse-engineering of mGluR-LTD responses. We suggest that such SI methods can aid in unraveling the complexities of synaptic function.

Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor DmGlu-A inDrosophila melanogaster central nervous system

2001 ◽  
Vol 438 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Ramaekers ◽  
Marie-Laure Parmentier ◽  
C�line Lasnier ◽  
Jo�l Bockaert ◽  
Yves Grau
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate

349 Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR4, in the rat central nervous system

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. S53
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Ohishi ◽  
Ryuichi Shigemoto ◽  
Shigetada Nakanishi ◽  
Noboru Mizuno
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate

Characterization of two alternatively spliced forms of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in the central nervous system of the rat

Neuroscience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.R. Hampson ◽  
E. Theriault ◽  
X.-P. Huang ◽  
P. Kristensen ◽  
D.S. Pickering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Alternatively Spliced ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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