scholarly journals Social Inclusion and Exclusion: How Evolution Changes our Relational and Social Brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Fante ◽  
Sara Palermo ◽  
Vincenzo Auriemma ◽  
Morese Rosalba
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
The Individual

Belonging to social groups is an important need for human beings and social exclusion has a significant psychological impact on individual wellbeing. Social neuroscience has clarified the similarity of the neuronal substrate between physical pain and social pain during the experience of social exclusion. Pain is the oldest signal that something is wrong for our brain, and the anticipation of pain motivates a move away from perceived dangerous or noxious stimuli. The Evolutionary Theory of Motivation (ETM) considered group affiliation as an adaptive goal that supports the individual\'s adaptation to the environment; however, invalidating experiences may induce avoidance of its pursuit. In this perspective, social exclusion could thus be considered as the result of failures at one or more levels of the human motivational systems. This chapter attempts to understand the neuroscience findings on social exclusion in this theoretical framework.

An Assessment Relationship between Social Exclusion and Transportation

2017 ◽  
pp. 99-128
Author(s):  
Seher Ozkazanc ◽  
Nihan Ozdemir Sonmez
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Segregation Pattern ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Spatial Terms

Having been used extensively since the 1980s, the concept of social exclusion has given a new impetus to the discussions of poverty and disadvantageousness. The concept of social exclusion, which can be defined as the condition in which certain individuals or social groups cannot integrate into the society either socially or economically or politically, leads to social cohesion problems. This triggers segregation of the society, particularly in large cities, in both social and spatial terms. In the context of accessibility, “urban transport” appears as one of the most important factors determining level of social inclusion/exclusion of the individuals or groups. In this study relation between social exclusion and transport has been evaluated as an attempt to identify socio-spatial segregation pattern of Ankara.

An Assessment Relationship between Social Exclusion and Transportation

2020 ◽  
pp. 809-838
Author(s):  
Seher Ozkazanc ◽  
Nihan Ozdemir Sonmez
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Spatial Segregation ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Segregation Pattern ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Spatial Terms

Having been used extensively since the 1980s, the concept of social exclusion has given a new impetus to the discussions of poverty and disadvantageousness. The concept of social exclusion, which can be defined as the condition in which certain individuals or social groups cannot integrate into the society either socially or economically or politically, leads to social cohesion problems. This triggers segregation of the society, particularly in large cities, in both social and spatial terms. In the context of accessibility, “urban transport” appears as one of the most important factors determining level of social inclusion/exclusion of the individuals or groups. In this study relation between social exclusion and transport has been evaluated as an attempt to identify socio-spatial segregation pattern of Ankara.

scholarly journals Social Supports Available to Persons with Disabilities in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinyere Onalu ◽  
Nneka Nwafor
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Supports ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Perceptions Of Disability ◽  
Functional Social Support ◽  
Negative Perceptions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Personality Features

Disability entails more than the mere physical deformity such as stroke; however, a disability could manifest in different forms; mental, emotional, sensory and intellectual disability among others. People with disability are faced with a lot of challenges and they experience depression, isolation and social exclusion which were explained in studies from the natural and behavioral sciences. Also, Social workers and Psychologists alike have often discussed the importance of social inclusion and social support for people living with a disability. Social support helps to reduce psychological stress, enhance the quality of life and achieve social inclusion. Lack of social support increases the risk of depression, social exclusion, maladaptive behaviors and mortality. In this paper, we will give a thorough explanation of Social support and its forms. We emphasized the influence of neurobiology, personality features, social system and perception on who gets social support and to what extent. The paper also discussed Nigeria’s perceptions of disability and the social support networks in Nigeria, using vast literature. From literature, social supports are of different kinds however, this paper emphasized the need for functional social support which entails changing negative perceptions about disability. In other words, social support should not be just assisting the individual to access their immediate needs but should entail involving them in decision making – social inclusion.

Ethics, Technology, and Nuclear War, I

Worldview ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Joseph I. Coffey
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
Earth History ◽  
The Individual

Archaeological studies indicate that human beings have killed each other during all the period of time that they have been on earth History tells us that wars have been waged for is long is records run. This penchant of human beings for conflict whether as individuals as members of social groups or as citizens of the communities which we call nations has been variously explained. Some have characterized conflict as a basic human instinct while others have extolled combat—and especially war— as ennobling the individual ind purifying the race. In more pragmatic terms war his been waged for territorial and economic gains and has been justified in terms of its contribution to the growth of peoples and the development of states.

scholarly journals COVID 19 and Psychological Impact across Lifespan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Nadigapu Dayanand
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Good Mental Health ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
The Individual

COVID-19 the present pandemic like all pandemics puts a strain on both the individual and the community. Human beings are social animals; they need interactions with other human beings in order to maintain good mental health, the present pandemic put a restriction on interactions between people in the form of social distancing, wearing of masks, use of sanitizers and soap and water, which are essential to control the spread of the corona virus but the flip side, it has reduced the family gatherings, going out for restaurants, factors to a great extent that will have impact on psychological health. Health infrastructure and health services across the globe are under enormous pressure and face unprecedented challenges. Medical professionals, health care workers, scientists and other front line workers are on the forefront on one hand they are providing health care to the Covid 19 affected patients and the other hand, building systemic responses both by dissemination of adequate public health approaches, and in parallel, genetic mapping, drug and vaccine development. Every day millions are being infected and thousands have died. This pandemic has put all aspects of normal life on hold. In this scenario mental health care takes a back seat to life or death decisions made by the exhausted health care workers.1

scholarly journals With Eyes Wide Shut. Job Searching Qualified Roma and Employee Seeking Companies

Intersections ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Árendás ◽  
Vera Messing ◽  
Violetta Zentai
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Multinational Companies ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
East European ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Results ◽  
Job Searching

This article is dedicated to Julia Szalai who researches the underlying reasons, consequences and mechanisms of the social exclusion of the Roma in Central and East European societies. Her work and her writings serve as a compass for those who examine problems of social exclusion, including the authors of this article. The present paper discusses position of the Roma on the Hungarian job-market, focusing on highly-qualified young Roma within the context of the business sphere. Our knowledge is informed by the first results of an initiative which creates bridges between disadvantaged social groups and the business sector through pro-active measures. The initiative mobilizes multinational companies, business trainers, NGOs promoting social inclusion, and academics. Both the initiative and our study intend to pursue a subtle understanding of the tangible and hidden obstacles that highly educated young Roma encounter when seeking employment, and of the dilemmas that multinational companies face in relating to these prospective employees.

Embodied Cognition and Media Engagement: When the Loneliness of the Protagonist Makes the Reader Sense Coldness (and Vice Versa)

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-476
Author(s):  
Nurit Tal-Or ◽  
Irene Razpurker-Apfeld
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Media Psychology ◽  
Physical Warmth ◽  
Psychological Experiences ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Embodied cognition research documents the interplay between physical sensations and corresponding psychological experiences within the individual. Accordingly, physical warmth leads to a sense of social inclusion, and being socially rejected leads to physical coldness. In the current research, we demonstrate that these embodied cognition relationships also apply to a media consumer and a media character with whom the consumer identifies. In Study 1, participants (N  =  120) read one of four narratives in which we manipulated identification with the protagonist and her social exclusion/inclusion situation. In Study 2 (N  =  120), the narrative described the protagonist experiencing coldness/warmth in high/low identification conditions. The findings suggest that when the character experiences either the physical or the psychological state, the identifying consumer consequently experiences either psychological feelings or physical sensations, respectively. We discuss potential limitations of the study and also its contribution to media psychology and to embodied cognition research.

scholarly journals ISIEA: An image database of social inclusion and exclusion in young Asian adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixin Zheng ◽  
Sijin Li ◽  
Licheng Mo ◽  
Weimao Chen ◽  
Dandan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Image Database ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Physical And Mental Health

AbstractHuman beings have a fundamental need to belong. Evaluating and dealing with social exclusion and social inclusion events, which represent negative and positive social interactions, respectively, are closely linked to our physical and mental health. In addition to traditional paradigms that simulate scenarios of social interaction, images are utilized as effective visual stimuli for research on socio-emotional processing and regulation. Since the current mainstream emotional image database lacks social stimuli based on a specific social context, we introduced an open-access image database of social inclusion/exclusion in young Asian adults (ISIEA). This database contains a set of 164 images depicting social interaction scenarios under three categories of social contexts (social exclusion, social neutral, and social inclusion). All images were normatively rated on valence, arousal, inclusion score, and vicarious feeling by 150 participants in Study 1. We additionally examined the relationships between image ratings and the potential factors influencing ratings. The importance of facial expression and social context in the image rating of ISIEA was examined in Study 2. We believe that this database allows researchers to select appropriate materials for socially related studies and to flexibly conduct experimental control.

Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution? Social Housing Allocation Policies and Social Exclusion in Britain

2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAL PAWSON ◽  
KEITH KINTREA
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Community Sustainability ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Residential Communities ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

This article examines claims that social housing allocations policies can, on the one hand, contribute to and on the other, counter, social exclusion. In setting the scene, the paper investigates connections between housing processes and social exclusion and describes the development of social housing allocations systems over the past few decades. Drawing on evidence from two recently completed national studies in England and Scotland it shows that allocation policies contribute to social exclusion in three main ways. First, a large proportion of social landlords restrict eligibility for social housing thereby contributing directly to exclusion. Second, mechanisms within allocation systems continue to segregate the most excluded to the worst residential areas. Third, through the 1990s allocation policies became increasingly coercive, so reducing or eliminating tenant choice over their own housing in distinct contrast to the choice that is available in the private market. The paper then reviews the dilemmas faced by policy-makers: whilst aspects of allocations contribute to social exclusion at the individual level, they may be justified by their role in promoting sustainable residential communities. Although there are hopes that the ‘choice-based’ approaches to lettings which emerged in the late 1990s can both boost community sustainability and counter the disabling impact of coercive approaches, the article suggests it is unlikely that such methods can significantly enhance social inclusion as long as social housing remains a housing sector of last resort, with in-built disadvantages.

“Utopia First!” A Machiavellian Conception of Solidarity in More's Utopia

Moreana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (Number 209) (1) ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Phélippeau
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Farm Work ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Difficulties ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Democratic Elections ◽  
Communal Organization

This paper shows how solidarity is one of the founding principles in Thomas More's Utopia (1516). In the fictional republic of Utopia described in Book II, solidarity has a political and a moral function. The principle is at the center of the communal organization of Utopian society, exemplified in a number of practices such as the sharing of farm work, the management of surplus crops, or the democratic elections of the governor and the priests. Not only does solidarity benefit the individual Utopian, but it is a prerequisite to ensure the prosperity of the island of Utopia and its moral preeminence over its neighboring countries. However, a limit to this principle is drawn when the republic of Utopia faces specific social difficulties, and also deals with the rest of the world. In order for the principle of solidarity to function perfectly, it is necessary to apply it exclusively within the island or the republic would be at risk. War is not out of the question then, and compassion does not apply to all human beings. This conception of solidarity, summed up as “Utopia first!,” could be dubbed a Machiavellian strategy, devised to ensure the durability of the republic. We will show how some of the recommendations of Realpolitik made by Machiavelli in The Prince (1532) correspond to the Utopian policy enforced to protect their commonwealth.

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