scholarly journals ISIEA: An image database of social inclusion and exclusion in young Asian adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zixin Zheng ◽  
Sijin Li ◽  
Licheng Mo ◽  
Weimao Chen ◽  
Dandan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Image Database ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Physical And Mental Health

AbstractHuman beings have a fundamental need to belong. Evaluating and dealing with social exclusion and social inclusion events, which represent negative and positive social interactions, respectively, are closely linked to our physical and mental health. In addition to traditional paradigms that simulate scenarios of social interaction, images are utilized as effective visual stimuli for research on socio-emotional processing and regulation. Since the current mainstream emotional image database lacks social stimuli based on a specific social context, we introduced an open-access image database of social inclusion/exclusion in young Asian adults (ISIEA). This database contains a set of 164 images depicting social interaction scenarios under three categories of social contexts (social exclusion, social neutral, and social inclusion). All images were normatively rated on valence, arousal, inclusion score, and vicarious feeling by 150 participants in Study 1. We additionally examined the relationships between image ratings and the potential factors influencing ratings. The importance of facial expression and social context in the image rating of ISIEA was examined in Study 2. We believe that this database allows researchers to select appropriate materials for socially related studies and to flexibly conduct experimental control.

scholarly journals The people around you are inside your head: Social context shapes spontaneous thought

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith N. Mildner ◽  
Diana Tamir
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Spontaneous Thought ◽  
Context Shapes

The majority of people’s spontaneous thoughts are about other people. We propose that thisoutsize focus on other people reflects the rich social world in which people are embedded. To test how social context shapes spontaneous thought, we assessed the content of spontaneous thought during mind wandering in three social contexts – solitude (Study 1), social presence (Study 2), and social interaction (Study 3). Additionally, in Study 1, we used functional neuroimaging to measure neural activity while participants considered social and non-social targets. Solitude decreased spontaneous social thought and decreased neural activity in the mentalizing network when thinking about a close friend. Social presence did not change spontaneous social thought. Social interaction increased spontaneous social thought. Together, the results show a clear pattern of increasing social thought in increasingly social environments. These findings suggest that spontaneous social thought may be a mechanism that helps us process our social environment.

scholarly journals Social Inclusion and Exclusion: How Evolution Changes our Relational and Social Brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Fante ◽  
Sara Palermo ◽  
Vincenzo Auriemma ◽  
Morese Rosalba
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Group Affiliation ◽  
Social Pain ◽  
Social Brain ◽  
Motivational Systems ◽  
The Individual

Belonging to social groups is an important need for human beings and social exclusion has a significant psychological impact on individual wellbeing. Social neuroscience has clarified the similarity of the neuronal substrate between physical pain and social pain during the experience of social exclusion. Pain is the oldest signal that something is wrong for our brain, and the anticipation of pain motivates a move away from perceived dangerous or noxious stimuli. The Evolutionary Theory of Motivation (ETM) considered group affiliation as an adaptive goal that supports the individual\'s adaptation to the environment; however, invalidating experiences may induce avoidance of its pursuit. In this perspective, social exclusion could thus be considered as the result of failures at one or more levels of the human motivational systems. This chapter attempts to understand the neuroscience findings on social exclusion in this theoretical framework.

The Case Against Theory of Mind

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-97
Author(s):  
Shaun Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Theory Theory ◽  
Embodied Interaction ◽  
Cover Up ◽  
Contemporary Standard

Considerations in the previous chapters led to an acknowledgment of the important role played by social context and intersubjective relations for understanding action. In this and subsequent chapters I explore in more detail, not only how action is related to social interaction, but also the nature of social interaction itself. In this chapter I start with the critical task of showing how contemporary standard approaches to questions about social cognition and theory of mind go wrong and fail to explain how we understand others, and more generally how they cover up the importance of embodied interaction in social contexts. Here I discuss the standard approaches of theory theory and simulation theory, as well as hybrid versions of these theories. I outline eight objections to these theories.

Seeking reputation or money? The influence of sociality mental modes on sense of agency in social contexts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
duanxueer ◽  
Yiping Zhong ◽  
liking
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Sense Of Agency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mode Group ◽  
Market Mode

Sociality mental modes (i.e., market mode primed by money cues and communal mode primed by eye gaze) refer to the ways people interact with others in distinct manners(individuals are inclined to share resources with others regardless of the personal costs and benefits in the communal mode but have a personal relationship with others based on cost-benefit ratios in the market mode), and they affect social interaction and even affect the subjective experience. The sense of agency (SoA) is a subjective experience of one’s degree of control over external events. But little is known about the influence of sociality mental modes on the SoA. Previous studies have shown that social exclusion reduces the SoA. Here, we examined whether sociality mental modes affect the sense of agency by intentional binding paradigm and 9-point Likert scale (experiment 1) in social contexts by priming social exclusion and social inclusion through a recall task (experiment 2). The results showed that in social exclusion conditions, the market mode group had a shorter estimate of time, and the communal mode group had a higher rating of agency than the control group. This study demonstrates that social inclusion context improves the explicit sense of agency. In the context of social exclusion and inclusion, the market mode enhances the implicit sense of agency, that is, pursuing money; the communal mode reduces the explicit sense of agency, that is, seeking reputation.

scholarly journals WHO’s Global Age-Friendly Cities Guide: Its Implications of a Discussion on Social Exclusion among Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 8027
Author(s):  
Soondool Chung ◽  
Miri Kim ◽  
Erica Y. Auh ◽  
Nan Sook Park
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Global Age ◽  
Social Opportunities ◽  
Policy Agendas ◽  
Aging Societies

This study analyzed the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Age-Friendly Cities Guide to observe its role in embodying social inclusion of older adults in attempts to prevent social exclusion. Social exclusion refers to the marginalization of individuals and groups from important economic and social opportunities in the society. Many aging societies are implementing social inclusion of older adults as one of their key policy agendas to create a more sustainable and healthy society, in recognition that age functions as one of the essential factors accelerating social exclusion and declining physical and mental health of those affected. In order to explore the pertinence of the WHO guidelines to social inclusion of older adults, content analysis was conducted on each checklist item in the WHO guideline to identify its relation to the four dimensions of social exclusion, which are social interaction, production, consumption, and political engagement. The results showed comprehensive coverage of each dimension by the guideline, although the relative importance of each dimension was unequal. Additional insights were suggested to promote further social inclusion of older adults in the context of an age-friendly environment.

From Bullets to Handshake: The Dynamics of Social Exclusion, Social Inclusion, Social Protection and Boko Haram in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-94
Author(s):  
Akinyetun Shola ◽  
Salau Jamiu Adewale Adewale ◽  
Ahoton Samuel ◽  
Alausa Abiodun ◽  
Odeyemi Deji
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Boko Haram

Perceived uniqueness: Locus of control, social exclusion, and choice

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Shichang Liang ◽  
Yaping Chang ◽  
XueBing Dong ◽  
Jinshan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Locus Of Control ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Central China ◽  
External Locus ◽  
Internal Locus Of Control ◽  
Uniqueness Results ◽  
The Relationship

We examined the influence of locus of control on the relationship between social exclusion and preference for distinctive choices. Participants were 212 undergraduate students at a university in Central China, who completed measures of social exclusion, locus of control, choice, and perceived uniqueness. Results showed that participants who believed that the environment controlled their fate (external locus of control) preferred more distinctive choices in a social exclusion context than in a social inclusion context, whereas participants who believed that they could control the environment (internal locus of control) preferred less distinctive choices. Further, perceived uniqueness mediated the effect of social exclusion and locus of control on choice. These results add to the literature on social exclusion and personal control.

scholarly journals Individual behavioural traits not social context affects learning about novel objects in archerfish

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick A. R. Jones ◽  
Helen C. Spence-Jones ◽  
Mike Webster ◽  
Luke Rendell
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Behavioural Phenotype ◽  
Social Species ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Animals ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Learning can enable rapid behavioural responses to changing conditions but can depend on the social context and behavioural phenotype of the individual. Learning rates have been linked to consistent individual differences in behavioural traits, especially in situations which require engaging with novelty, but the social environment can also play an important role. The presence of others can modulate the effects of individual behavioural traits and afford access to social information that can reduce the need for ‘risky’ asocial learning. Most studies of social effects on learning are focused on more social species; however, such factors can be important even for less-social animals, including non-grouping or facultatively social species which may still derive benefit from social conditions. Using archerfish, Toxotes chatareus, which exhibit high levels of intra-specific competition and do not show a strong preference for grouping, we explored the effect of social contexts on learning. Individually housed fish were assayed in an ‘open-field’ test and then trained to criterion in a task where fish learnt to shoot a novel cue for a food reward—with a conspecific neighbour visible either during training, outside of training or never (full, partial or no visible presence). Time to learn to shoot the novel cue differed across individuals but not across social context. This suggests that social context does not have a strong effect on learning in this non-obligatory social species; instead, it further highlights the importance that inter-individual variation in behavioural traits can have on learning. Significance statement Some individuals learn faster than others. Many factors can affect an animal’s learning rate—for example, its behavioural phenotype may make it more or less likely to engage with novel objects. The social environment can play a big role too—affecting learning directly and modifying the effects of an individual’s traits. Effects of social context on learning mostly come from highly social species, but recent research has focused on less-social animals. Archerfish display high intra-specific competition, and our study suggests that social context has no strong effect on their learning to shoot novel objects for rewards. Our results may have some relevance for social enrichment and welfare of this increasingly studied species, suggesting there are no negative effects of short- to medium-term isolation of this species—at least with regards to behavioural performance and learning tasks.

scholarly journals Empirical Evidence for Professional Practice and Public Policies: An Exploratory Study on Social Exclusion in Users of Primary Care Social Services in Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giménez‐Bertomeu ◽  
Domenech‐López ◽  
Mateo‐Pérez ◽  
de‐Alfonseti‐Hartmann
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Social Acceptance ◽  
Life Trajectories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The University

This study examines the social exclusion characteristics of a sample of users of primary care social services in two local entities in Spain. The objective of this study was to identify the intensity and scope of social exclusion in an exploratory way and to look at the typology of existing exclusionary situations to inform policy making and professional practice. Data from 1009 users were collected by primary care social services professionals, completing the Social Exclusion Scale of the University of Alicante (SES-UA). The dimensions with the greatest levels of social exclusion in the study population were those related to work/employment, income and education and training. The dimensions with an intermediate level of exclusion were those related to housing and social isolation. Social acceptance, family and social conflict and health were the dimensions with the lowest levels of exclusion. The analysis also showed the existence of five significantly different groups, that showed five different life trajectories along the continuum between social exclusion and social inclusion. The results show the importance and utility of developing professional and policy intervention protocols based on research evidence, with the objective of improving the quality of life of the users.

Mastery Of Sociolinguistic Concepts Of Pragmatic Skills By Junior High School Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Yossi Pratiwi ◽  
Sridelli Dakhi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Junior High School Students ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
School Students ◽  
Research Hypothesis ◽  
Pragmatic Skills

Abstract.  Skilled in pragmatic language, means skilled in using language forms ( words, phrases and clauses appropriately according to the conditions, situations and social contexts behind it. Such pragmatic skills may be established if the situation, conditions and social context behind the use of the language can be adequately mastered. This study aims to describe the percentage of contributions to the mastery of sociolinguistic concepts with pragmatic skills. In line with the purpose of the study, sociolinguistic mastery data with pragmatic skills of 28 sample people netted with test instruments and analyzed with statistics r¬2.From the results of the analysis conducted, obtained a determination index of 0.78 which means; mastery of sociolinguistic concepts contributes 78% to the achievement of students' pragmatic skills. In accordance with the results of the above analysis, it can be concluded that mastery of sociolinguistic concepts is a variable of criteria that contributes very meaningfully to the improvement of pragmatic skills. Thus, the research hypothesis yaang said that the mastery of the concept of sociolinguistics contributes meaningfully to the development of pragmatic skills of students of SMP Negeri 1 Nias Selatan, the truth is proven

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