Ambiguous Faces of the Canton Trade

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Van Dyke
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Southeast Asians ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Good Percentage ◽  
Ambiguous Faces

Because most historians of the Canton Trade have focused on Europeans and Americans, private Asian traders, as well as Armenians, Turks, and Jews, have been marginalized and left out of the conversation. As a result, the picture that has been presented, of Europeans and Americans dominating the private trade, is much distorted. It is very likely that a good percentage of the private ships were financed by persons from India, Southeast Asia and/or overseas Chinese. Given that the Chinese authorities opened the trade to non-Chinese regardless of nationality (except Japanese and Russians), and guaranteed them access to the market in Canton, this should not be surprising.In fact, many of the ships that called at Canton were actually commissioned by Muslims, Hindus, Parsees, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and Southeast Asians under cover of a European flag. A Jewish trader living in Baghdad might travel on a ship captained by an Englishman. A ship and her cargo might both be owned by Parsees or Armenians but fly a British flag. A Portuguese vessel based in Macau or a Chinese junk based in Guangzhou might actually be commissioned by the Dutch. But because of the scarcity of surviving records from these individuals and the tendency to identify vessels by their flags, the British and Americans have appeared as the dominant private traders at Canton in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Further studies will undoubtedly provide a fuller picture of their importance to the Canton Trade.

scholarly journals The “Belt and Road” Initiative and Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Akira Yonemoto
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Southeast Asians ◽  
Native Culture ◽  
The Status ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Since China's proposal of the “Belt and Road” initiative in 2013, the relationship between China and Southeast Asia has continued to develop. This achievement is inseparable from a large number of overseas Chinese living in Southeast Asia. As an indispensable and unique force to promote the construction of the “Belt and Road”, the Southeast Asians Chinese have played an irreplaceable role: such as support of Chinese culture spreading, building confidence and disambiguation among countries, and economic and trade cooperation. The problems and challenges facing Chinese culture in Southeast Asia are not only related to the development of Chinese society in Southeast Asia but also the current development of Chinese native culture. To overcome the problems and challenges encountered in the process of inheriting Chinese culture in Southeast Asia, we must clearly understand the status of overseas Chinese and the role that overseas Chinese can play to maximize their role and influence as carriers and bridges.

Between cooperation and survival

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-96
Author(s):  
JongHo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
South China ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Japanese Empire ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Japanese Occupation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Migrant Communities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the survival capability of Chaoshan people in the maritime world of the South China Sea amidst the changing monetary systems of the rival empires and political regimes from 1939 to 1945. It particularly focuses on overseas Chinese remittance business in Shantou under the Japanese rule. Local societies in coastal China and overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia experienced severe hardships due to the Sino-Japanese War, the Pacific War and the Chinese Civil War. As fighting among the rival empires and regimes intensified, Chinese migrant communities straddling between Southeast Asia and South China had to negotiate and adapt to survive these crises, regardless of whether they were government-affiliated or local autonomous subjects. Design/methodology/approach This research draws on archival materials to investigate the reactions of Chinese migrant communities in Chaoshan region in times of war and regime change. How did local maritime societies and overseas Chinese adapt to the harsh realities of the wartime? How did the Japanese Empire use Wang Jingwei’s puppet government in Nanjing to control the Chaoshan remittance network? How did the remittance network shift its operational structure in face of a wartime crisis? Findings Faced with the wartime crisis and the Japanese occupation, Chaoshan communities used a variety of survival strategies to protect and maintain the overseas Chinese remittance business. In dealing with remittances from Singapore, British Malay and Indonesia, they cooperated with the Japanese military authority and its puppet government to maximize the autonomy of their business operation in the Japanese-controlled East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere. On the other hand, to secure the flow of remittances from French Indochina and Thailand, the indirectly controlled territories in the Japanese Empire, Chaoshan merchants sought an alternative path of delivering remittances, known as the Dongxing route, to bypass the Japanese ban on private remittances from these two regions. Research limitations/implications It would be a better research if more resources, including remittance receipts and documents during the Japanese occupation, could be found and used to show more detailed features of Chaoshan local society. Originality/value This research is the first one to investigate the contradictory features of local Chaoshan society during the Japanese occupation, an under-explored subject in the Chinese historiography.

Hailam Chinese in Sabah: A Study of Occupational Patterns and Changes

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Han Sin-Fong
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
General Survey ◽  
Length Of Residence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Occupational Patterns

Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia have received substantial attention in the past two decades. Some studies focus on the Chinese of a particular place or country; others seek to make a general survey of Chinese communities throughout all of Southeast Asia. Most studies, however, concentrate on the problematic aspects and political implications of these Chinese communities. Due to the generalized treatment, without regard to place and length of residence abroad, the Chinese in Southeast Asia are often viewed as an undifferentiated mass, homogeneous in outlook and behaviour.

Assistance Programs for Refugee Women

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia George
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Secondary Migration ◽  
Southeast Asians ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Refugee Women ◽  
The U.S

Women from Southeast Asia have participated in one of the most dramatic influxes of immigrants to arrive in the U.S. Between 1975 and 1983, 283,000 refugees settled in California. By March, 1986, population growth and secondary migration increased the total number of Southeast Asians in California to 350,000.

scholarly journals Archaeology of Early Chinese Settlement in Southeast Asia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
John Miksic
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Overseas Chinese ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
Significant Size

Abstract Little historical information is available about early Chinese settlement in Southeast Asia. By the 15th century several Chinese settlements of significant size had formed, but they vanished by the time the Portuguese reached the region. This article surveys the historical literature on these early overseas Chinese settlements, and summarizes the contributions which archaeology can make to clarifying the timing and nature of the process.

scholarly journals The spectrum of beta-thalassemia genes in China and Southeast Asia

Blood ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 964-966
Author(s):  
HH Jr Kazazian ◽  
CE Dowling ◽  
PG Waber ◽  
S Huang ◽  
WH Lo
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Beta Thalassemia ◽  
Globin Genes ◽  
Beta Globin ◽  
Southeast Asians ◽  
The World ◽  
Mutant Genes

To make possible prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in China and Southeast Asia by direct detection of mutant beta-globin genes, we have determined the spectrum of mutations producing the disorder in this region of the world. Seventy-eight beta-thalassemia genes from Chinese and Southeast Asians were randomly obtained, and the relevant mutation was characterized in 76 (98%) of them. Seven different point mutations were found among the 78 genes studied. Of these seven beta-thalassemia alleles, two constitute 62%, and two others account for 29% of the total. Since only four alleles make up 91% of the mutant genes, prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in China and Southeast Asia should be feasible by simplified techniques for direct detection of point mutations.

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