The Rise of the Rating System

2019 ◽  
pp. 295-297
Author(s):  
John Billheimer
Keyword(s):  
Rating System ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Production Code ◽  
System P ◽  
Parental Guidance ◽  
Distribution Company ◽  
Percent Decline ◽  
The Way

The comprehensive movie rating system arrived in November 1968, when Jack Valenti scuttled the Production Code and replaced it with a four-letter system (G, M, R, and X) designed to provide parental guidance and (in theory, but not in practice) free filmmakers from the interfering scissors of censors. But the men in charge of the newly formed Code and Rating Administration were the same censors who had previously enforced the Production Code. These men were used to dealing with producers and directors. And with an X rating estimated to cause a 50 percent decline in attendance, and an R rating a 20 percent decline, it was only natural for producers and directors to confer with board members to determine what sort of cuts would be needed to convert an X rating to an R, or turn an R rating into an M. To the untrained eye, this dealing between producers and board members looked very much like censorship. At least, that was the way it appeared to Stephen Farber, a board intern in 1967 who found that almost one-third of the movies produced in 1969 had been reedited to achieve the rating desired by the distribution company.

The Decline of the Code

2019 ◽  
pp. 291-294
Author(s):  
John Billheimer
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Box Office ◽  
Production Code ◽  
System P ◽  
Supreme Court Rulings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Post Code

This chapter describes the decline of the Production Code and its replacement by the current rating system. Two Supreme Court rulings contributed to the end of the Production Code. In 1948, the court ruled that the major motion picture companies could no longer control the theaters in their distribution system, making it possible for independently produced and foreign films without a Code Seal to obtain first-run screenings. And in 1952 the court overturned the ban on Roberto Rossellini’s The Miracle and ruled that motion pictures were entitled to the guarantees of free speech and free press. The liberalization of public attitudes in the post-Code years, the influx of more explicit foreign films, and the impact of TV on box-office receipts all contributed to the decline of the Code, as did several groundbreaking movies. In 1953, Otto Preminger’s ‘racy’ comedy (by 1953 standards), The Moon Is Blue, became one of the first major US movies to be released without a Code Seal. In 1964, Sidney Lumet’s The Pawnbroker successfully challenged the Code ban on nudity, and in 1966, Mike Nichols’s Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? broke the taboo on vulgar language. In 1966, Jack Valenti became head of the MPAA and soon replaced the Production Code with the precursor of today’s rating system.

Minimalinvasiv oder wirksam? Debattenbeitrag zur Novellierung des Bundeswahlrechts vom Oktober 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 675-684
Author(s):  
Johannes Krause
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Vote System ◽  
The Political ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
National Parliament ◽  
System P ◽  
Voting System ◽  
The Way

Despite the 2020 reform of Germany’s national parliament voting law, the debate about a robust voting system has not ended . Träger and Jacobs have convincingly shown that Naun­dorf’s suggestion to introduce a parallel voting system creates more problems than it solves, and thus more far-reaching approaches have to be considered . One way to stop the Bunde­stag from growing is to reject the two vote-system . Comparable to the system of Thuringia’s local elections, with open lists and three votes per voter, both the standard size of the Bun­destag can be safely adhered to and at the same time a personalized proportional represen­tation can be maintained . Among other advantages, the voters would have greater influence on the personalized composition of the Bundestag . In particular, reservations on the part of the political parties could stand in the way of such a sustainable solution to the ongoing problems with the German electoral system .

The Eleventh Plague: Thinking Ecologically after Derrida

2019 ◽  
pp. 80-102
Author(s):  
David Wood
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
New World ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
World Order ◽  
Ecological Sustainability ◽  
Human Suffering ◽  
New World Order ◽  
System P ◽  
Climate Crisis ◽  
The Way

This chapter develops an eleventh “plague” onto Jacques Derrida's list of ten plagues of the New World Order in his Specters of Marx: the growing global climate crisis. Forging an amalgam from Derrida and Heidegger, it shows that the eleventh plague was not just “one more plague” but was at the heart of the first ten, or at least was intimately implied or caught up in them. In the most summary form, this would be to show that questions of violence, law, and social justice are inseparable from ecological sustainability. A similar move would demonstrate that another candidate for the eleventh plague—the animal holocaust—is closely connected both with the first ten plagues and ecological sustainability, perhaps serving as a bridge of sorts. Derrida's remarks about the animal holocaust, and about human suffering and misery, are set in the context of people's denial, blindness, and refusal to acknowledge these phenomena, and the way that human suffering especially represents the contradiction, the hidden waste, produced by an ever more efficiently functioning system.

Why the “Haves” Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-302
Author(s):  
Marc Galanter
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Change ◽  
System P ◽  
The Law ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

This article proposes some conjectures about the way in which the basic architecture of the legal system creates and limits the possibilities of using the system as a means of redistributive change. Specifically, the question is under what conditions litigation can be redistributive, taking litigation in the broadest sense of the presentation of claims to be decided by courts. Because of differences in their size, differences in the state of the law, and differences in their resources, some of the actors in society have many occasions to utilize the courts; others do so only rarely. One can divide these actors into those claimants who have only occasional recourse to the courts (one-shotters) and repeat players who are engaged in many similar litigations over time. The article then looks at alternatives to the official litigation system.

1. The UK Constitution

Public Law ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stanton ◽  
Craig Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
System P ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Theoretical Considerations ◽  
The Way

This chapter provides an introduction to the UK Constitution and sets out a foundation upon which discussions in later chapters further develop. It starts by exploring definitions of constitutions, placing the unique UK system within commonly accepted themes and characteristics. It then moves to explain the nature and form of the UK Constitution and some of the sources of which it is constructed, as well as exploring some of the more theoretical considerations as regards its character, including the way in which it is legitimised. The final section entertains academic questions concerning whether or not the UK can be said to have a constitution, including discussion of the case for and against a codified system.

Carbon dot–Au(i)Ag(0) assembly for the construction of an artificial light harvesting system

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 3580-3587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayasmita Jana ◽  
Teresa Aditya ◽  
Tarasankar Pal
Keyword(s):  
Light Harvesting ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Carbon Dot ◽  
System P ◽  
The Way

Significant transfer of energy from a carbon dot, GCD, to a fluorescent assembly, AuAgFA, paves the way to construct an artificial light harvesting system out of a GCD–AuAgFA pair.

scholarly journals Revisiting the Presence of Women in Political Science Journal Editorial Positions

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
Barbara Palmer ◽  
Laura van Assendelft ◽  
Mary Stegmaier
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Science Journal ◽  
Senior Faculty ◽  
Journal Editorial ◽  
Political Science Journals ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTIn 2010, an analysis of the top 50 political science journals showed that women were reasonably well represented as editors, associate editors, and board members compared to their numbers as senior faculty at PhD-granting institutions. As the presence of women in the profession has increased, have women kept up in these editorial positions? Overall, the data from 2018 suggest that they have. Although women are still significantly underrepresented as editors and associate editors at journals with small editorial staffs, they are well represented at those with medium-sized and large staffs. The proportion of women as board members also has kept pace with the proportion of female senior faculty at PhD-granting institutions, especially at the top five journals in the profession. There is still significant variation among journals but little change in their rankings: journals with the highest proportion of women as editors, associate editors, and board members in 2010 continued to lead the way in 2018.

scholarly journals A Comparative Assessment of ACCESS Auditor’s Manual and ISO 9001:2015 Standards in the Perspective of Training on ISO 9001 to Cooperative Staff and Board Members

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Tatwa P Timsina
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Iso 9001 ◽  
Board Members ◽  
Proper Management ◽  
Proper Functioning ◽  
The Way

Cooperatives are people-centred enterprises owned, controlled and run by and for their members to realise their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations. For the proper functioning of the cooperative, various tools such as ACCESS are used. ISO 9001 and similar standards are used for the proper management of the particular organisation. Both the approaches follow different sets of criteria to assess the level of organisation, but there are many similarities between them. They have focused on achieving sustainability and prosperity of the organisation by implementing such criteria in the organisation. This article has aimed to reveal such similarities and dissimilarities and proposed the way of implementing them in a holistic way.

Television Censorship

2019 ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
John Billheimer
Keyword(s):  
Good Practice ◽  
Federal Communication Commission ◽  
Rating System ◽  
Red Scare ◽  
Television Programs ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
Television Content ◽  
Production Code ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1950S

This chapter addresses the censorship issues faced by Hitchcock while producing his television series, Alfred Hitchcock Presents. It traces the history of broadcast censorship from the introduction of the Federal Communication Commission in 1934 through the development of the National Association of Broadcasters’ Code of Practices in 1951. The Code resembled the Motion Picture Production Code and was accompanied by a Seal of Good Practice, which was displayed on the closing credits of most US television programs from 1952 through the early 1980s. In practice, the sponsors of television programs had more control over programming conduct than the NAB Code. Because TV sponsors were attuned to any negative reaction, and television reached a much wider audience than movies, television content in the 1950s and 1960s was much more susceptible to protests from pressure groups than the movies. Television producers faced more censors than movie producers and were even more timid about confronting them. The Red Scare of the 1950s produced blacklists of television performers that ruined as many lives as the movie blacklists did. The NAB Code became hopelessly outdated and was suspended in 1983, supplanted by a rating system similar to that developed by the MPAA in 1996.

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