Wnt Pathway Extracellular Components and Their Essential Roles in Bone Homeostasis

The Wnt pathway is involved in several processes essential for bone development and homeostasis. For proper functioning, the Wnt pathway is tightly regulated by numerous extracellular elements that act by both activating and inhibiting the pathway at different moments. This review aims to describe, summarize and update the findings regarding the extracellular modulators of the Wnt pathway, including co-receptors, ligands and inhibitors, in relation to bone homeostasis, with an emphasis on the animal models generated, the diseases associated with each gene and the bone processes in which each member is involved. The precise knowledge of all these elements will help us to identify possible targets that can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

Reconciling fragmented sectors of health research regulation: toward an ecosystem of processual regulation

The delivery of good outcomes from human health research is entirely dependent on the proper functioning of the attendant regulatory systems. This article focuses on the processes of regulation themselves, and how these might be better understood, so that regulators and other stakeholders have a strong normative basis upon which to pursue the regulatory objective of achieving outcomes with maximum social value. The argument is made that the concept of ‘processual regulation’—which promotes a whole systems approach to regulation—can assist greatly in the design, implementation, and review of human health research. This moves beyond the current often-fragmented approach to regulation towards a joined-up, reflective, and responsive system that has fitness-for-purpose at its core.

Are Moroccan Free School Support Websites Effective for Learners During the Covid-19 Pandemic?

In these times of Covid-19 pandemic, many Moroccan students access websites for their school support needs. The objective of this study is to carry out an evaluation of some Moroccan free school support websites and to verify their effectiveness for learners, from a socio-constructivist perspective. This evaluation is conducted out by various teachers, using an evaluation grid developed by the authors following a review of literature that identified a number of elements considered as important factors for the proper functioning of an educational website. The approach adopted allowed the grid to be validated (Cronbach's alpha equal to 0.82). The results of the evaluation show several positive aspects but also some weaknesses inherent to the studied websites, especially concerning help with work methodology and pedagogical guidance and also the interactivity. Finally, several recommendations are proposed by the authors.

Review Bomb

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the phenomenon of review bomb, which occurs when an abnormally large amount of information is submitted to a rating system in a very short period of time by an overtly anonymous mass of accounts, with the overall goal of sabotaging the system's proper functioning. Because review bombs are frequently outbursts of social distress from gaming communities, gamification theories have proven useful for understanding the behavioral traits and conflict dynamics associated with such a phenomenon. A prominent case is analysed quantitatively. The methodology is discussed and proposed as a generalized framework for descriptive quantification of review bombs. As a result of the study, considerations for technological improvements in the collection of rating data in systems are proposed too.

Niezależność sądu oraz niezawisłość sędziowska w sprawach karnych w okresie rządów autorytarnych i totalitarnych w Polsce

At present, there is no doubt that a need exists to ensure the citizens’ right to have a criminal case examined by an independent and unbiased court. For the proper functioning of the court-based administration of justice to be possible, the courts must have the attribute of independence and the judges must be autonomous. These issues are regulated in international treaties to which Poland is a party. The aim of this study is to describe the role of judiciary independence and judicial autonomy in criminal cases. In order to achieve these goals, considerations will be presented on the essence of such independence and autonomy, and a reference will be made to the way the authoritarian state functioned after the May coup in the Second Polish Republic, and the totalitarian state during the era of the Polish People’s Republic.

Protection of Critical Infrastructure Facilities as a Component of the National Security

The issue of protecting critical infrastructure as one of the components of national security is analyzed. The following methods were used in the study: bibliographic, dialectical, empirical, and theoretical, comparative, and legal. The essence of the term "critical infrastructure” is explained both according to the opinions of scientists and from the very position of the authors of the article. The importance of proper protection and proper functioning of infrastructure in Ukraine is well founded. It emphasizes the fact that for many years the issue of the importance of protecting critical infrastructure has been almost forgotten and is not relevant to the governing bodies of the state. In addition, this situation applies to many other countries in the world. The current situation shows that there are countries that, despite being among the most prosperous and innovative, did not pay attention to their situation with their own security infrastructure. It is concluded that, based on a comparative analysis of international experience, in addition to exploring the peculiarities of national realities, the article proposed measures to improve the internal state of protection of critical infrastructure.

The Buddhist Interpretation of the Confucianist Concept of Family

Filial piety is one of the cardinal moral values in Confucianism, and has become a keystone in the Chinese social value system, describing and prescribing the proper functioning of human communities at micro (family) and macro (state) levels. The introduction of Buddhism, which advocates that only those who live in celibacy pursuing the career of a monk can easily have access to the highest truth, challenged the uniformly accepted moral obligations of Confucianism, and initiated a dialogue, sometimes a debate, with the Chinese literati on the differences and similarities of Buddhist and Confucianist ethics. This article offers an insight on how Chinese adepts of Buddhism made efforts to prove not only that filial piety is a requirement for all practitioners of Buddhism as a kind of concession in a social environment where filial piety is a representation of virtuous human existence, but also, by forging Indian scriptures on filial piety and visualisation and commenting on Indian scriptures, that this lies at the centre of Buddhist practice.

Mitophagy in Yeast: Decades of Research

Mitophagy, the selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy, is one of the most important mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control, and its proper functioning is essential for cellular homeostasis. In this review, we describe the most important milestones achieved during almost 2 decades of research on yeasts, which shed light on the molecular mechanisms, regulation, and role of the Atg32 receptor in this process. We analyze the role of ROS in mitophagy and discuss the physiological roles of mitophagy in unicellular organisms, such as yeast; these roles are very different from those in mammals. Additionally, we discuss some of the different tools available for studying mitophagy.

Vibration Test Measures for Pump Fault Diagnosis

The vibration measuring standard for compound machinery utilized in modern industrial production will be employed for the application of detecting technologies. The vibration intensity can be obtained by selecting the detecting method to obtain the speed of mechanical vibration, and technicians can examine whether the vibrating machinery is in a proper functioning state based on the value of vibration intensity, allowing for thorough fault diagnosis. In order to provide useful diagnosis ideas for technicians, this study examines the measurement of mechanical vibration and investigates the calculating method of mechanical vibration intensity.

Verwaltung per Brief. Die Korrespondenz des Utrechter Landkomturs mit seinen Angestellten, 1753‒1845

Administration by mail: The correspondence of the Utrecht land commander with his staff, 1753‒1845 The correspondence between the land commanders of the Teutonic Order’s Bailiwick of Utrecht and their staff, the stewards and clerks, provides a detailed insight into the institution’s functioning between 1753 and 1845. The Bailiwick was administered from the Teutonic House in Utrecht by a resident steward who mostly communicated with his superior in writing, as the latter lived at a considerable distance and came to Utrecht at most once a year. A relationship of trust was essential for the proper functioning of this arrangement. In the first decades after the start of a reorganisation in 1753, this was certainly the case, but the lack of this relationship of trust led to major problems later on. The analysis of the correspondence paints a picture of the management of dispersed large estates in the pre-industrial era, before major advancements in both transportation and communication. The case study is also important for the knowledge of the Military Orders after the Reformation and during the Age of Revolution, when these institutions were seriously threatened. Additionally, the Bailiwick of Utrecht did not escape abolition by Napoleon, but this was reversed in 1815. The increasingly hostile correspondence between the land commander and the steward about the liquidation procedures in 1812‒1813 provides insight into the survival mechanism of the Bailiwick of Utrecht. The research presented in this article is part of a larger study of the Bailiwick of Utrecht between 1640 and the middle of the twentieth century.