Conflicts of Interest

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-142
Author(s):  
Alonso Villarán ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
The Core ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Specific Definition

What is a conflict of interest? What is morally problematic about one? Beginning with the definition, this paper organizes the core (philosophical) literature and creates two continuums—one devoted to the more specific definition of ‘interest,’ and the other to that of ‘duty’ (two elements that belong to the definition of conflicts of interest and over which the debate revolves). Each continuum places the authors according to the narrowness or broadness of their positions, which facilitates the understanding of the debate as well as what is at stake when defining conflicts of interest. The paper then develops a moral analysis that leads to the sought-for definition and to an explanation of why we should treat conflicts of interest carefully. While doing so, the paper discloses the criterion to judge whether a definition is right and presents the duties that makes conflicts of interest special as ‘tertiary’ duties of morality.

The Technocene or Technology as (Neo)Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostino Cera ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Nominative Case ◽  
The Core ◽  
The World ◽  
Conditio Humana ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract: While putting forward the proposal of a “philosophy of technology in the nominative case,” grounded on the concept of Neoenvironmentality, this paper intends to argue that the best definition of our current age is not “Anthropocene.” Rather, it is “Technocene,” since technology represents here and now the real “subject of history” and of (a de-natured) nature, i.e. the (neo)environment where man has to live.This proposal culminates in a new definition of man’s humanity and of technology. Switching from natura hominis to conditio humana, the peculiarity of man can be defined on the basis of an anthropic perimeter, the core of which consists of man’s worldhood: man is that being that has a world (Welt), while animal has a mere environment (Umwelt). Both man’s worldhood and animal’s environmentality are derived from a pathic premise, namely the fundamental moods (Grundstimmungen) that refer them to their respective findingness (Befindlichkeit).From this anthropological premise, technology emerges as the oikos of contemporary humanity. Technology becomes the current form of the world – and so gives birth to a Technocene – insofar as it introduces in any human context its ratio operandi and so assimilates man to an animal condition, i.e. an environmental one. Technocene corresponds on the one side to the emergence of technology as (Neo)environment and on the other to the feralization of man. The spirit of Technocene turns out to be the complete redefinition of the anthropic perimeter.While providing a non-ideological characterization of the current age, this paper proposes the strategy of an ‘anthropological conservatism,’ that is to say a pathic desertion understood as a possible (pre)condition for the beginning of an authentic Anthropocene, i.e. the age of an-at-last-entirely-human-man.

scholarly journals Humorism and Characterization in Topan’s Mfalme Juha

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 62-78
Author(s):  
Emiliano Minerba
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Critical History ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Inner Contradictions

This paper discusses the character of King Juha, the protagonist of the comedy Mfalme Juha by Farouk Topan, using an approach that considers the humoristic dimension of this character. The definition of humorism employed here is that given by Pirandello: the result of an aesthetic process in which the comic effect deriving from an object of laughter is tempered and contrasted by a “sentiment of the contrary” that observes and builds empathy with the inner contradictions of the object itself. After a short outline of Mfalme Juha’s critical history which shows that the humoristic dimension of King Juha has never been considered in critiques, this paper focuses on an analysis of this character, in which the core feature of egocentricity is identified. Juha’s egocentricity and its humoristic nature are analysed in the character’s relationship with his subjects as their king and in his idea of art and culture; in both cases it is shown that what is important is not the wickedness or egoism of Juha, but his lack of comprehension of the world. Juha is incapable of understanding his environment and other people, since he can not doubt his own superiority: this puts him in several comic situations, but on the other hand makes him a victim of his smart subjects, so that he arouses a feeling of sympathy in which Pirandello’s sentiment of the contrary can be traced.

scholarly journals Syntactic soundness proof of a type-and-capability system with hidden state

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANÇOIS POTTIER
Keyword(s):  
Linear Logic ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Type System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Definition ◽  
Proof Technique ◽  
The Core ◽  
Proof Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Intuitionistic Linear Logic

AbstractThis paper presents a formal definition and machine-checked soundness proof for a very expressive type-and-capability system, that is, a low-level type system that keeps precise track of ownership and side effects. The programming language has first-class functions and references. The type system's features include the following: universal, existential, and recursive types; subtyping; a distinction between affine and unrestricted data; support for strong updates; support for naming values and heap fragments via singleton and group regions; a distinction between ordinary values (which exist at runtime) and capabilities (which do not); support for dynamic reorganizations of the ownership hierarchy by disassembling and reassembling capabilities; and support for temporarily or permanently hiding a capability via frame and anti-frame rules. One contribution of the paper is the definition of the type-and-capability system itself. We present the system as modularly as possible. In particular, at the core of the system, the treatment of affinity, in the style of dual intuitionistic linear logic, is formulated in terms of an arbitrarymonotonic separation algebra, a novel axiomatization of resources, ownership, and the manner in which they evolve with time. Only the peripheral layers of the system are aware that we are dealing with a specific monotonic separation algebra, whose resources are references and regions. This semi-abstract organization should facilitate further extensions of the system with new forms of resources. The other main contribution is a machine-checked proof of type soundness. The proof is carried out in the Wright and Felleisen's syntactic style. This offers an evidence that this relatively simple-minded proof technique can scale up to systems of this complexity, and constitutes a viable alternative to more sophisticated semantic proof techniques. We do not claim that the syntactic technique is superior: We simply illustrate how it is used and highlight its strengths and shortcomings.

COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING LEAN CONTENT OF HOG CARCASSES

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. FREDEEN ◽  
G. M. WEISS
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lumbar Region ◽  
Design Capacity ◽  
Comparison Of Techniques ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Pig Carcasses ◽  
Specific Definition ◽  
Variance Explained

A population of 2670 pig carcasses was used for comparing three techniques, ruler, ultrasonic and the Danish MFA probe, for prediction of lean yield. The best single fat measurements, all of equal validity, were MFA and ruler at the midline over the gluteus medius and ultrasonic fat measured lateral to the midline in the lumbar region. For each technique, the prediction precision provided by the best single fat measurement was improved by the addition of other fat or lean measurements to the regression equation. The MFA, used to its design capacity of three fat and one lean measurement, predicted 64.6% of the variance in lean content of the lean cuts (ham, loin and shoulder). This reduced to 59.5% when the lean measurement was excluded. The variance explained by-three fat measurements made by the other techniques was 57.4 for ultrasonics and 56.5 for the ruler. Addition of carcass weight to the prediction equations for boneless and boneless defatted yield increased the R2 values for the ruler (4.0%) and ultrasonic (6.4%) techniques but had little effect on the MFA. The most accurate prediction of yield was provided by measurements of side fat and depth of M. longissimus at the last rib, made from carcass cross sections for a subpopulation of 1267 carcasses. This was interpreted as evidence that more specific definition of the site chosen for the MFA fat and muscle measurement in this region of the carcass would improve the precision of the MFA procedure.

Conflicts of Interest as Corrupting the Checks and Balances in the Postpublication Oversight of Academic Business Journals

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Arend
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Checks And Balances ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Practical Sense ◽  
Case Based

In this case-based essay, we explore how conflicts of interest can corrupt the postpublication oversight process in academic business journals. We build on Carson’s comprehensive definition of the conflict of interest construct by arguing that it is, in a practical sense, not isolated and dyadic but instead is multirelational to the point of being viral. Specifically, we argue that conflicts of interest produce further conflicts of interest; this occurs at any oversight level that is tasked with investigating and addressing any allegations of conflict of interest violations at lower levels. A real recent case illustrates that this complexity is not understood in our social sciences—five different levels of “checks and balances” in our postpublishing oversight failed to address an obvious initial conflict of interest. A discussion covering the harms of the violations, the causes, and the possible solutions fleshes out our arguments about this core ethical construct.

scholarly journals Lotman and play: For a theory of playfulness based on semiotics of culture

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattia Thibault
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Play Theory ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Anthropic Activity ◽  
Core Questions ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Cultural Role

The aim of the article is to introduce an approach to play based on semiotics of culture and, in particular, grounded in the works and ideas of Juri Lotman. On the one hand, it provides an overview of Lotman’s works dedicated to play and games, starting from his article on art among other modelling systems, in which the phenomenon of play is treated deeply, and mentioning Lotman’s articles dedicated to various forms of play forms, such as involving dolls and playing cards. On the other hand, it applies a few Lotmanian theories and ideas to playfulness in order to shed some light on this highly debated, as well as intriguing, anthropic activity. Thus, the paper approaches some of the core questions for a play theory, such as the definition of play, the cultural role of toys and playthings, the importance of unpredictability, the position held by playfulness in the semiosphere and, finally, the differences and commonalities between play and art. Lotman’s theories and works, often integrated by other existing semiotic or ludologic perspectives offer an extremely insightful and fresh take on play and illustrate the great heuristic potential of semiotics of culture.

TDC Imaging and Atoxic Contrast and Cerebrovascular Lesions in SCD Adults Patients.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 4612-4612
Author(s):  
Ana Claudia C Leite ◽  
Orlando CG Veloso ◽  
Clarisse Lopes de Castro Lobo ◽  
Raquel VC Oliveira ◽  
Paulo RV Bahia
Keyword(s):  
Positive Predictive Value ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Vascular Occlusion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Duplex Scan ◽  
Cerebrovascular Lesions ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Intracranial Lesions ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Abstract 4612 Silent infarcts have been reported in approximately 20% of children with SCD. The prevalence in SCD adult patients has not been studied previously. METHODS We studied 187 patients (mean age 29 years) Each of these patients underwent a neurological examination, duplex scan of carotids and TCD image with atoxic contrast (micro bubbles). Eighty of these patients were sorted to perform MRI and MRA to study lacunar infarction, encephalomalacia, leukoencephalopathy, Moya Moya syndrome and aneurysm (measured by number and size). RESULTS The overall prevalence of silent infarcts was 52%. Comparing the two methods regarding sensitivity and specificity, obtained respectively 88 and 85%. The positive predictive value of the TCD image with contrast was 80%. There was only one case of intracranial aneurysm, observed by both imaging methods. The other asymptomatic patients with abnormal TCD (low definition of image contrast or absence of flow to TCD image) presented diagnostic criteria of vascular occlusion with secondary collateral (Moya Moya Syndrome). CONCLUSIONS Use of atoxic contrast (micro bubbles) increases the sensitivity of TCD image for diagnosis of intracranial lesions in SCD adults patients, even in asymptomatic individuals, enabling the diagnosis of silent infarcts. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Conflicts of Interest

2020 ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Neil Soni ◽  
Andrew Lawson ◽  
Carl Waldmann
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Job Market ◽  
Selection Procedures ◽  
Competing Interests ◽  
Healthcare It ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Simple Definition

Definition of conflict of interest: ‘When an individual, a group of individuals or an organization has competing interests or loyalties.’ This simple definition has applications in most aspects of daily living, so it is unremarkable that in almost every aspect of the administration of healthcare it becomes a significant consideration. Identification or recognition of where a conflict of interest exists is not always easy. Once identified, in many if not most circumstances it necessitates compromise. In all cases the overall intention should not be subsumed by the interest of the individual or the organization. The two outstanding areas usually highlighted in medicine are those of nepotism in the job market and the interactions between medicine and industry. The former is allegedly of only historic interest due to rigorous, almost draconian, selection procedures. The latter has recently become both a recognized problem and the bête noire of the profession.

Serializing languages as satellite-framed

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée Lambert-Brétière
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Motion Path ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Motion Events ◽  
Serial Verb Constructions ◽  
The Core ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Serial Verb ◽  
Definition Of

Languages expressing motion events through serial verb constructions are categorized in various ways according to the typology of motion events. This paper challenges the typological classification of serializing languages by proposing that a serializing language like Fon is better analyzed as a satellite-framed language, lexicalizing the core-schema of motion — Path — in a verb satellite, than as verb-framed or equipollently-framed. Semantic and syntactic arguments are presented and lead to a new definition of verbal satellite in functional terms. It is further demonstrated that there is no need for a special treatment of serializing languages like Fon when conceiving the typology of motion events as a bipolar typological continuum, with at one end the verb-framing pattern and at the other end, the satellite-framing pattern.

The protein and energy nutrition of the bacon pig:IV. Digestible energy values of cereals in pig diets

1965 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Robinson ◽  
J. H. D. Prescott ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Specific Function ◽  
Production Animals ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Specific Definition

For optimal growth and production animals require an adequate supply of each nutrient in the diet. This means that within the total of the ration every constituent is allocated its own appropriate proportion and that all the components fit into an ideal balance one with the other. It is reasonably straightforward to define the principles of allocation for vitamins and minerals where a particular chemical entity serves a reasonably well-defined specific function. The definition of the protein component reflects a requirement for certain essential amino acids and for the materials necessary to synthesize the non-essential ones. There remains, however, a major portion of the diet that is not amenable to such specific definition. This fraction includes various chemical entities—fats, carbohydrates and fibrous materials—which are not in themselves indispensable nutrients. It is now accepted, however, that the nutritive value of these components can for convenience be expressed as a whole in terms of their capacity to release energy upon oxidation.

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