Earlier Leaf Flush Associated with Increased Teak Defoliation

Two experiments were done to test how the removal of foliage from small branches in mountain birch, Betula pubescens spp. tortuosa, may influence the biomass increase of female inflorescences that emerge from reproductive buds on short shoots. First, all the leaves on small twigs were removed shortly after leaf flush in June. Defoliated twigs included on average of five leaves and two reproductive short shoots. Effects of the treatment on the final length and mass of female catkins were studied in August by comparing defoliated twigs to undefoliated ones of the same trees. Second, a similar experiment was carried out by defoliating larger branches with an average of 150 leaves and 56 short shoots and by comparing defoliated branches to adjacent undefoliated branches. The first treatment reduced final weight of inflorescences by about 17% and the second treatment by about 18%. Localized defoliations can thus have limited effects on the biomass increase of female inflorescences. Short shoots are therefore partially autonomous reproductive units that are integrated subunits of higher-level interactive units, e.g., branches, root – shoot subsystems, or entire plants.

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Early spring defoliation, secondary leaf flush, and leafminer outbreaks on American holly

Oecologia ◽

10.1007/bf00379805 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 192-197 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Daniel A. Potter ◽

Carl T. Redmond

Keyword(s):

Early Spring ◽

Leaf Flush

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Evaluating desiccation sensitivity of Quercus rubra acorns using X-ray image analysis

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x05-209 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 35 (12) ◽

pp. 2823-2831 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Rosa C Goodman ◽

Douglass F Jacobs ◽

Robert P Karrfalt

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Quercus Rubra ◽

Final Height ◽

Seed Viability ◽

Red Oak ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

X Ray ◽

Before And After ◽

Leaf Flush

Desiccation of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) acorns can impact seed viability. We examined use of X-ray image analysis of cotyledon damage in dried acorns to predict germination capacity and seedling vigor. Acorns collected from five half-sib sources were X-rayed before and after drying to one of four moisture content (MC) levels (30%, 25%, 20%, or 15%) or maintained as nondesiccated controls (35%38% MC). X-ray images were scored qualitatively according to degree of cotyledoncotyledon and cotyledon-pericarp separation. Following sowing, acorns were evaluated for number of days to reach each of three developmental stages (emergence of radicle, epicotyl, and first leaf flush) and growth for 80 d. Both MC and family significantly affected all variables. The percentage of acorns to reach each developmental stage, as well as final height and root-collar diameter declined with decreasing MC and dropped most notably between 20% and 15% MC. X-ray separation scores more effectively predicted the percentage of acorns to reach each of the first three developmental stages than MC level (R2 = 0.490.63 vs. 0.400.59). Our results confirm the recalcitrant nature of northern red oak acorns and demonstrate the potential of X-ray image analysis to provide a rapid and nondestructive means to successful predict acorn viability.

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Modeling the effects of individual-tree size, distance, and species on understory vegetation based on neighborhood analysis

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2013-0111 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (11) ◽

pp. 1006-1014 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shinichi Tatsumi ◽

Toshiaki Owari

Keyword(s):

Forest Dynamics ◽

Understory Vegetation ◽

Medium Size ◽

Dwarf Bamboo ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Neighborhood Analysis ◽

Stem Size ◽

Sasa Senanensis ◽

Leaf Flush ◽

Individual Trees

Quantifying how understory vegetation responds to individual neighboring trees is critical to understanding forest dynamics. To do so, we used a spatial neighborhood approach to quantify the competitive effect of individual trees on the density and height of dwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis (Franch. et Savat.) Rehder) in a mixed conifer–broadleaf forest on the island of Hokkaido, northern Japan. Using hierarchical Bayesian models, we analyzed how the effect of neighboring trees varies with stem size, distance to the dwarf bamboo, and tree species. The effect of neighbors peaked when the tree reached a medium size (33.0–45.0 cm in diameter at breast height) and decreased for larger trees. The effect of neighbors decreased with increasing distance to the dwarf bamboo. The slope of the decrease was gentler for larger trees. Conifers exerted an average of 7.2 times the effect of broadleaved trees. Species with higher shade tolerance exerted larger effects. Species with late leaf flush and early defoliation tended to exert smaller effects. Our results provide evidence that neighborhood analysis is an effective approach for quantifying the effects of individual trees on understory vegetation and represents a critical step toward understanding how fine-scale interactions between understory vegetation and trees influence overall forest dynamics.

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Changes in Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Relationships during Episodic Growth of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb.

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.122.5.634 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 122 (5) ◽

pp. 634-641 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jeff S. Kuehny ◽

William B. Miller ◽

Dennis R. Decoteau

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Plant Tissue ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Shoot Elongation ◽

Total Soluble Sugars ◽

Mature Leaves ◽

Episodic Growth ◽

Ligustrum Japonicum ◽

Leaf Flush

Rooted cuttings of Ligustrum japonicum Thunb., an episodically growing species, were grown hydroponically in a controlled-environment growth chamber to determine allocation of glucose, mannitol, total soluble sugars, and total protein in mature leaves, flush leaves, stems, and roots. During the 65 days of episodic growth, 43% of the total soluble sugars was glucose and 33% mannitol. Glucose concentrations of mature leaves decreased during the first root growth episode, increased in almost all plant tissue during a shoot growth episode and decreased in all plant tissue at initiation of a second root growth episode. Mannitol concentrations in the roots and stems decreased during episodes of root growth and increased during a shoot growth episode when leaf flush mannitol concentrations increased. Radiolabeled C applied to leaves before the initiation of the first period of shoot elongation was translocated to the roots. After shoot elongation, just before a root growth episode, most labeled C was translocated to new shoots and roots. Autoradiographs indicated that subsequent episodes of shoot growth were supported by photosynthate from the previous shoot flush. Protein concentrations decreased in all plant tissues during shoot growth but increased in roots and mature leaves during root growth. Concentrations of 15N in leaf and stem tissue indicated retranslocated N supported each episode of shoot growth. Changes in endogenous C and N concentrations and allocation patterns in ligustrum were linked to the control of episodic shoot and root growth.

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EFFICACY OF PACLOBUTRAZOL UPTAKE THROUGH PECAN LEAVES, YOUNG SHOOTS, AND BARK

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.8.862c ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 862c-862

Author(s):

Gregory L. Reighard ◽

Harvey M. Jessup

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Green Wood ◽

Shoot Tissue ◽

Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Leaf Flush

Paclobutrazol, a triazole growth regulator, effectively regulates pecan vegetative growth when applied as a soil or trunk drench. However, its absorption and subsequent biological activity in leaves and shoot tissue is not well understood. Terminal shoots from scaffolds of 8-yr-old `Chickasaw' pecan trees were treated with paclobutrazol after leaf flush in mid-May of 1988. Treatments included painting a mixture of 10 mg a.i. paclobutrazol and 1 ml distilled water onto either 1-yr-old wood, green wood, or the abaxial leaf surface. Shoot growth measurements and nut counts were taken in October of 1988 and 1989 on the treated shoots and all shoots arising from them. Paclobutrazol significantly increased the number of nuts per shoot in 1988, but did not affect shoot growth. More nuts were found on shoots from the 1-yr-old wood and leaf treatments than from the control and green wood treatments. In 1989, shoot growth was significantly less in the 2 former than the 2 latter treatments. These data indicate that paclobutrazol was absorbed through the bark of 1-yr-old wood and abaxial leaf tissue and sub-sequently translocated to areas of shoot growth.

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Performance of Some Promising Genotypes of Fine-flavour Cocoa Selected at Penataran Estate, East Java

Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) ◽

10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v30i2.2 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 81-91

Author(s):

Indah Anita Sari ◽

Agung Wahyu Susilo

Keyword(s):

Dry Weight ◽

Young Leaf ◽

Yield Potential ◽

White Bean ◽

Yield Quality ◽

Leaf Flush ◽

Pod Number ◽

Plot Design

Prelimanary selection at Panataran Estate, East Java found five genotypes of promising fine flavor cocoa (PNT 12, PT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B) which had high yielding potency and estimated tolerant to VSD valuation of superior characters in each accession was important as base to be developed in multilocation test. The research was conducted in Penataran Estate, PTPN XII using single plot design and consisted of five fine flavor cocoa genotypes (PNT 12, PNT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B) and two genotypes as control (DR 2 and DRC 16). Each genotype consisted 33 plants (seven years old). Yield potential, score of VSD resistance, yield quality and morphology of stomata characters were observed. The analysis results showed that PNT 16 and PNT 12 had the highest of yield potential (1.46 and 1.10 kg/plant/year) respectively. PNT 16 also showed VSD scoring value low and stable on two years observation (2012-2013). Increasing pod number in 2013 was caused by recovery of the plant from VSD attack. Number of stomata on young leaf (flush) on PNT 16, PNT 17, PNT 18, and PNT 33B was lower than DR 2. Size of stomata qualitatively was different in each number. Characters of yield quality as pod lengh, pod weight, and pod girth on five promising clones were not as significantly different compared to control. Five fine flavor cocoa promising genotypes had white bean percentage more than 80 percent. Character of dry weight per bean on five fine flavour cocoa promising genotypes showed smaller than DR 2 but were not significantly different compared to DRC 16.

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Phenology of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst. Provenances

Emerging Science Journal ◽

10.28991/esj-2019-01164 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

V. J. Msukwa ◽

C. R. Y. Munthali ◽

B. I. Nyoka ◽

E. Missanjo

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Yield ◽

Early Flowering ◽

Flower Opening ◽

Late Flowering ◽

Sclerocarya Birrea ◽

Bud Set ◽

Fruit Maturity ◽

Maturity Period ◽

Leaf Flush

Phenology study was conducted to assess 22 genotypes of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst, collected from West, Eastern and Southern Africa. Assessments were done on time for bud onset, flower opening, leaf flush, fruit set, fruit maturity period and fruit production. Highly significant (P< 0.001) variations between provenances were obtained in all the phenological traits assessed including variations between sexes in time from flower bud set to anthesis. There was flowering overlaps and synchrony between provenances and sexes with males flowering earlier than females. So far two subpopulations have emerged within the trial referred to as early and late flowering genotypes. The early flowering included provenances from Mozambique, and Swaziland while the late flowering encompassed provenances from Malawi, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia. Fruit maturity period ranged from 76±2 to 192±15days. The early flowering genotypes flowered, fruited and matured between August and January while the late genotypes flowered and fruited from September to May. There were highly significant (P≤0.001) variations in fruit yield of S. birrea provenances between 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons with the former being more productive than the later confirming that S. birrea fruit yield is not constant across seasons due to seed mating effects. There were very strong positive relationship ranging r=0.81 to r=0.78 between leaf flush, bud set, flower opening and fruit set significant at (P<0.001). Some trees classified as females in the first year as based on flowers were found have male flowers which calls for more detailed investigations into this sex change behaviour.

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An evergreen neotropical savanna tree (Gochnatia polymorpha, Asteraceae) produces different dry- and wet-season leaf types

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt09045 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (5) ◽

pp. 439 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Davi R. Rossatto ◽

Rosana M. Kolb

Keyword(s):

Water Status ◽

Neotropical Savanna ◽

Wet Season ◽

Palisade Parenchyma ◽

Abaxial Epidermis ◽

Stomatal Size ◽

Anatomical Plasticity ◽

Eastern Brazil ◽

Leaf Flush ◽

Leaf Anatomical Characteristics

Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera is a widespread tree species found in different physiognomies of neotropical savanna (cerrado) formations of south-eastern Brazil. The present study describes some leaf anatomical characteristics of this species as a function of the time of leaf flush, during dry or wet seasons. This species presents anatomical plasticity in the cuticle, palisade parenchyma and abaxial epidermis as well as in stomatal size and stomatal and trichome density, which are leaf structures linked with water-status control. Leaf structure changed to suit the particular environmental conditions during dry and wet seasons. The production of different wet- and dry-season leaf types in G. polymorpha could be a response to drought and an adaptation to environmental constraints in the cerrado.

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