Kualitas Produk Peralatan Pertanian Hasil Tempa Panas Pengrajin Pande Besi Melalui Penerapan Desain Dapur Perlakuan Panas Model Tutup

The problems encountered by artisan blacksmiths based on the field study results: unable to detect incineration temperature of wood charcoal in the crucibles, crusts occurrence on the metal surface of scrap component of spring leaf SUP 9 after heating process in the exposed model heating treatment. The solutions taken were by transforming the kitchen design, from exposed model heating treatment to closeted model heating treatment, which aimed to avoid oxidation on the incinerated metal, thus crusts do not occur on its surface. The kitchen wall of closeted model heating treatment was made from fireproof bricks, held heat resistance, and carried a stable thermal conductivity out of wood charcoal incineration. A digital thermocouple was installed in the closeted model heating treatment kitchen to accurately measure the temperature of wood charcoal incineration results. The closeted heating model treatment kitchen was designed portable. The solution methods applied field study and descriptive analysis. The study generated a result of sturdiness value with 18.8 HRC average for hoe products was below the standard of sturdiness value according to SNI 02-0331-1989 and generated a result of kitchen wall of closeted model heating treatment made from red bricks with cement as the fastener could not stand the heat. The conclusion for the application of kitchen design of closeted model heating treatment were the sturdity values achieved 58 HRC with SAE 900 C as the cooling lube and the wear rate achieved 0.000165605 gram/m. This meant the wear resistance property was low which met the standard according to SNI 02-0331-1989. Abstrak Permasalahan pengrajin pande besi sesuai hasil studi lapangan: temperatur pembakaran arang kayu di dalam kowi tidak dapat dideteksi, permukaan logam bekas komponen pegas daun SUP 9 timbul kerak setelah proses pemanasan di dalam dapur perlakuan panas model buka. Metode pemecahannya melakukan inovasi pada desain dapur perlakuan panas model buka dirubah menjadi desain dapur perlakuan panas model tutup yang bertujuan: material logam yang dipanasi tidak teroksidasi, sehingga permukaan logam tidak timbul kerak, dinding dapur perlakuan panas model tutup terbuat dari bata tahan api, mempunyai sifat tahan panas serta konduktivitas panas hasil pembakaran arang kayu stabil, dapur perlakuan panas model tutup dipasang termokopel digital agar temperatur hasil pembakaran arang kayu terukur dan akurat, dan dapur perlakuan panas model tutup dirancang dapat dipindah-pindah tempat. Metode pemecahannya menggunakan metode studi lapangan dan metode analisis deskriptif. Hasil-hasil temuan yang diperoleh angka kekerasan produk cangkul rata-rata 18,8 HRC masih di bawah angka kekerasan cangkul menurut SNI 02-0331-1989, dinding dapur perlakuan panas model buka terbuat bata merah dengan pengikat semen tidak tahan panas. Simpulan dengan penerapan desain dapur perlakuan panas model tutup, angka kekerasan mencapai 58 HRC dengan media pendinginan oli SAE 90 dan laju keausan 0.000165605 gram/m memenuhi SNI 02-0331-1989, sehingga sifat ketahanan ausnya rendah.

Infestation of Early- and Late-Flushing Trees by Spring Caterpillars: An Associational Effect of Neighbouring Trees

In temperate forests within Europe, early-flushing (EF) deciduous trees are often heavily infested by early spring leaf-eating Lepidoptera, while late-flushing (LF) trees are better protected in a phenological manner against such heavy infestations, as spring moth larvae begin to appear before their bud burst. The associational effects of EF trees on LF ones are only poorly known. We studied whether or not the infestation of LF trees by spring Lepidoptera can be affected by EF ones if they grow in the immediate vicinity. We compared spring assemblages of leaf-eating larvae of Lepidoptera on LF Quercus cerris L. with those on EF Q. pubescens Willd. in several microhabitats in Slovakia, Central Europe. Larvae were collected from mature and young trees. Mature trees sampled were growing: (1) in a closed-canopy forest; (2) in small groups; or (3) as a lone tree. Forest and tree groups are both constituted by oak species. Tree groups and lone trees were 20–50 m distant from forest edges. Young trees were growing (1) under mature Q. pubescens trees in a forest or (2) as a lone tree within forest gaps or near the edges. In the closed-canopy forest where LF trees (Q. cerris) were surrounded by EF ones (Q. pubescens), the caterpillars on mature LF trees were in abundance, almost as on mature EF ones. The species composition of larval assemblages on the two oak species was similar. In contrast, on small groups and on lone trees, the lepidopteran larvae were significantly less abundant on LF trees than EF ones. In the case of young trees, the abundance of larvae and their composition assemblages on both oaks were comparable in the forest. In the open habitat, LF trees were less infested by larvae than EF ones and the assemblages of moth larvae differed between the two. Our results reveal the effect (associational susceptibility) of EF trees on LF ones when growing in a close vicinity. It means that the phenological protection of LF trees may not be sufficient if they grow close to or are surrounded by EF ones.

Sensitivity of Spring Phenology Simulations to the Selection of Model Structure and Driving Meteorological Data

Accurate estimation of the timing of intensive spring leaf growth initiation at mid and high latitudes is crucial for improving the predictive capacity of biogeochemical and Earth system models. In this study, we focus on the modeling of climatological onset of spring leaf growth in Central Europe and use three spring phenology models driven by three meteorological datasets. The MODIS-adjusted NDVI3g dataset was used as a reference for the period between 1982 and 2010, enabling us to study the long-term mean leaf onset timing and its interannual variability (IAV). The performance of all phenology model–meteorology database combinations was evaluated with one another, and against the reference dataset. We found that none of the constructed model–database combinations could reproduce the observed start of season (SOS) climatology within the study region. The models typically overestimated IAV of the leaf onset, where spatial median SOS dates were best simulated by the models based on heat accumulation. When aggregated for the whole study area, the complex, bioclimatic index-based model driven by the CarpatClim database could capture the observed overall SOS trend. Our results indicate that the simulated timing of leaf onset primarily depends on the choice of model structure, with a secondary contribution from the choice of the driving meteorological dataset.

Phytosanitary condition of spring wheat crops depending on plowing of different and planar loosening

The article presents the stationary experience of the Department of General Agriculture of the Uman National University of Horticulture, where during 2014–2016. The phytosanitary condition in crops of spring wheat was studied. The culture was located in a five-field crop rotation after spring rape. Factor A in the experiment was the soil cultivation methods represented by plowing and plow-cutting cultivation, and factor B – the depths of these cultivations — 15–17, 20–22, and 25–27 cm. The objects of research were the weediness of crops, the population of the soil with wintering larvae of the winter scoop, meadow moth and forged of striped and steppe and the degree of infection of cultivated plants with diseases: dark brown spotting, powdery mildew and helminthosporious root rot. The methodology for determining these elements of the phytosanitary state of spring wheat crops was generally accepted. According to three-year data, the replacement of plowing by plow-cutting cultivation was accompanied by a deterioration in the phytosanitary condition due to weed contamination of crops. Reducing the depth or replacing the methods of the main autumnal cultivation from 25–27 to 20–22 and 15–17 cm led to an increase in the level of weediness in crops. Both studied factors influenced the soil population for spring sowing of winter spring larvae of the main pests of spikes, when, due to the replacement of the waste processing, the subsurface number of larvae of the winter scoop, meadow moth and forgery increased by 51, 98 and 59 %, respectively, and due to a decrease in the depth of plowing from largest to smallest – by 258, 282 and 263 %, respectively. Similarly, under the influence of these factors, although the level of damage of wheat plants to spring leaf (dark brown spotting and powdery mildew) and root (helminthosporious root rot) diseases changed less pronounced. So, both ways to minimize the main autumn cultivation of the soil cause a deterioration in the phytosanitary condition of spring wheat crops.

Evaluation of Anti-amoebic Activity of Spring Leaf Extract of Artemisia aucheri on Acanthamoeba (T4 strain) In vitro.

Background: Acanthamoeba belongs to the free-living amoebae genus that caused a widespread infection with different severity in humans and animals. Treatment of these opportunistic protozoan infections is not still safe or effective. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of spring extract of Artemisia aucheri on Acanthamoeba in vitro. Method: Trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba cultured on non-nutrient agar plates containing bacteria Escherichia coli. Macrophage cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium. Different concentrations of spring extract of A. aucheri were added to cultivated parasites and macrophages and additionally calculated to determine the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) for parasites and its 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) for macrophages. Then, the viability of parasites was evaluated using counting assay. MTT assay was carried out on macrophage cells based on growth inhibition. Furthermore, in order to determine the possible induction of apoptosis in cysts of Acanthamoeba, flow cytometry method was employed using annexin staining. Results: The effect of A. aucheri on trophozoites and cysts of Acanthamoeba was effective and has a reverse relationship with its concentration. The IC50 value of spring extract on trophozoites and cysts of parasite was estimated 200 and 333 μg/ml at 24 h, respectively. According to the results of flow cytometry, the spring A. aucheri extract caused about 20% apoptosis. Conclusion: Regarding the above results, it can be concluded that spring A. aucheri extract was effective against trophozoite and cyst forms of Acanthamoeba in vitro. Therefore, this plant could be a herbal drug candidate appropriate for treatment of Acanthamoeba infections.

Contribution of tree stem and canopy fluxes to the CH4 budget of a boreal birch and spruce forest

<p>Upland forest soils are typically a net methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) sink, while trees may act as CH<sub>4</sub> sources. Studies on tree CH<sub>4</sub> exchange in boreal forests, especially regarding canopies, are rare. We aimed to quantify the contribution of trees to the forest CH<sub>4</sub> budget during spring leaf-out period and to reveal the role of microbes in the CH<sub>4</sub> exchange of trees. We measured stem and shoot fluxes of two common boreal tree species at a fen and at an upland site at Hyytiälä, southern Finland, together with soil CH<sub>4</sub> flux, environmental variables and the abundances methanogens and methanotrophs within the forest. Both birch (<em>Betula pubescens</em>) and spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) trees emitted CH<sub>4</sub> from their aboveground surfaces, with significantly higher stem emissions detected from the birch and higher shoot emissions from the spruce. The shoot CH<sub>4</sub> exchange had no clear link to the vertical profile of the canopy or the progress of the leaf-out. The stem CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from birches at the fen were high (mean 45 µg h<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> m<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>) and decreased drastically with stem height. Their dynamics followed soil temperature, suggesting the emitted CH<sub>4</sub> originated from the soil. A lack of similar pattern in the fen spruces and in the upland birch indicates other processes behind the stem CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes of these trees. The lack of detection of methanogens or methanotrophs in the aboveground plant tissues suggest that the observed tree-derived CH<sub>4 </sub>fluxes were not induced by these microbes. The emitted CH<sub>4</sub> from the tree stems may, however, be produced microbially in the soil indicating that physiological differences in tree anatomy or adaptation to different belowground conditions might be a key factor explaining the differences between the tree species.</p><p>Acknowledgements: This research was supported Academy of Finland (288494, 2884941), National Centre of Excellence (272041), ICOS-FINLAND (281255), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Czech Science Foundation (17-18112Y) and National Sustainability Program I (LO1415), and the European Research Council (ERC) under Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, grant agreement No (757695).</p>

Shoot formation model (architectural model) Phlomoides oreophila

The morphological characteristics of Phlomoides oreophila, which grows in the Altai Mountains and Southeast Kazakhstan, are given. It is established that the species belongs to the monopodial-rosette model of shoot formation. The main structural unit is a perennial basal (skeletal) rosette shoot. Its annual growths form an epigeogenic oblique-orthotropic rhizome. An elementary shoot appears during 1 growth period and carries the vegetative and generative parts. The formula of the functional zones of the elementary shoot is determined: the inhibition zone → [innovation zone] → amplification zone → apical bud. It was established that the boundaries of the elementary and annual shoots do not coincide. Elementary shoot includes spring leaf generation (inhibition zone), summer leaf generation with axillary vegetative buds (innovation zone) and vegetative-generative buds (amplification zone). Vegetative-generative shoots appear only after wintering the following spring. They are located below the rosette leaves of the spring generation (this is the beginning of a new elementary shoot). As a result, the annual shoot includes the elementary shoot of the current year, as well as the amplification zone of the elementary shoot of last year.