The Prosopographia Imperii Romani and Prosopographical Method

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Eck
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Almost All

The official birthday of the Prosopographia Imperii Romani was 31 March 1874. That was the day on which Theodor Mommsen formulated an application to the plenary assembly of the Ködeiresniglich Preuβlische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin to launch a ‘prosopography of renowned men of the Roman imperial period’ including chronologically ordered lists of consuls and governors and magistrates in general. But in fact, Mommsen had long before planned to add a summary of this kind to the editions of inscriptions. Mommsen himself probably intended PIR to be the foundation for further historical insights. Almost all the prosopographical works on the Roman empire have one thing in common: their source material predominantly or even solely comprises epigraphic texts in Latin and Greek. Of course, other sources are taken into account as well, but the importance of inscriptions is generally much greater.

scholarly journals Worldwide gene pool of fiber flax at VIR, and breeding of rust-resistant varieties

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
S. N. Kutuzova ◽  
E. A. Porokhovinova ◽  
N. B. Brutch ◽  
A. V. Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Fiber Flax ◽  
High Fiber ◽  
Flax Cultivar ◽  
Almost All

Background. There are strict requirements for a modern flax cultivar. It must have a whole set of valuable characters, including rust resistance.Materials and methods. The flax collection of 2485 accessions held by VIR was evaluated using artificial provocative infection.Results. Almost all domestic and foreign accessions and varieties collected before 1957 were highly or extremely susceptible to rust. Five Russian kryazhs1 and cv. ‘GDS-3’ developed at VIR were found to retain rust resistance up to the present moment. Lines derived from them and from three foreign varieties, with an identified number of the original effective R genes, were submitted to breeders. Nineteen donors with a set of economically useful traits, analogous to cvs. ‘Orshansky 2’ and ‘Prizyv 81’ and carrying the same genes, were produced and distributed to breeders. The VIR collection holds 10 donors of rust resistance with high fiber content developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Flax. Some donors of resistance to other diseases released by the same Institute also possess high rust resistance, thus forming a rich stock of source material. The first cultivar relatively resistant to rust (‘L-1120’) was released in 1951. Possessing polygenic resistance, it was also resistant to Fusarium wilt and lodging, so it was widely used for breeding other cultivars with similar characteristics. As their cultivation expanded, the harvest losses caused by rust dropped. The first rust-resistant cultivar with oligogenic resistance (‘Tomsky 16’) appeared in 1990. By now, many cultivars protected by R genes of rust resistance have been developed. They combine this trait with resistance to Fusarium and lodging, high yield, and high fiber content. Flax rust incidence is not a problem anymore.Conclusion. Plant breeders have at their disposal a rich stock of source material preserved in the VIR collection to produce resistant flax cultivars. The use of rust resistance donors in hybridization cannot disrupt the most important properties of a cultivar.

scholarly journals A Celtic Cult and Two Sites in Roman Galatia

1910 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Roman Period ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Sacrifice

Eleven years ago I contributed to the Journal an account of exploration in Galatia, and in summarizing the evidence which it supplied as to the civilization of Galatia, I pointed out that the Celtic conquerors assimilated the culture of the conquered Phrygians without seriously modifying its character. And more particularly in the religious sphere I observed that the evidence indicated that the religion prevailing in the Imperial period was ‘purely Phrygian: there is no trace of any Celtic cult…The new settlers perforce adopted the native cultus: for it was always necessary to “know the manner of the god of the land” (2 Kings, xvii. 26). Doubtless they identified their gods with the Phrygian, and did not keep up any separate cult: otherwise it would be incredible that no trace of it should have remained.’A similar view was expressed in the following year by Sir W. M. Ramsay. ‘Few traces,’ he says, ‘of the old Gaulish religion can be detected in Galatia. It would be difficult to mention any except the sacrifice of captives, which was practised as late as B.C. 160, and presumably the rites at Drynemeton. It is hardly probable that the Gaulish religion was wholly disused or forgotten in the last century B.C. But certainly almost all the references—unfortunately very few—to Galatic religion point to the rapid adoption of the ancient and impressive cult of Cybele… The Galatians may perhaps have modified to some degree the character of the Phrygian ritual by their own nature and customs, as both the Phryges and the Greeks did. But we have no evidence on this point.’ His survey ends with the observation that in the inscriptions of the Roman period no allusion is made to any religion except that of the old Phrygian gods and that of the Emperors.

Pergamum as Paradigm

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Weisser
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Local Elites ◽  
Geographical Mobility ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Imperial Family ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The Editors of this Book Requested a study of an individual city to contrast with the broader regional surveys. This contribution attempts to demonstrate the advantages of a fuller exploration of the specific context of a civic coinage by focusing on selected issues from the coinage of Pergamum— alongside Ephesus and Smyrna one of the three largest cities in the Western part of Asia Minor. In the Julio-Claudian period Pergamum’s coin designs were dominated by the imperial succession and the city’s first neocorate temple (17 BC–AD 59). In AD 59 Pergamum’s coinage stopped for more than two decades. When it resumed under Domitian (AD 83) new topics were continuously introduced until the reign of Caracalla (AD 211–17). These included gods, cults, heroes, personifications, architecture, sculpture, games, and civic titles. After Caracalla the city concentrated on a few key images, such as Asclepius or the emperor. At the same time, coin legends— especially civic titles—gained greater importance. This trend continued until the city’s coinage came to an end under Gallienus (AD 253–68). The overall range of Pergamum’s coin iconography was broadly similar to that of other cities in the East of the Roman empire. Coins of Pergamum from the imperial period fall into (at least) sixty-four issues, the most diverse of which employed twenty different coin types. In all, around 340 different types are currently known. They provide a solid base from which to explore various relationships. These include the relationship between coin obverses and reverses, as well as the place of an individual coin type within its own issue, and within the city’s coinage as a whole. Coin designs could allude to objects and events within Pergamum itself, or focus on the city’s connections with the outside world: with small neighbouring cities, with the other great cities within the province of Asia, or with Rome and the imperial family. Communication via the medium of civic coinage was in the first instance presumably directed towards the citizens of Pergamum. At the same time coinage also reflected developments outside the city. Social and geographical mobility was encouraged by an imperial system which allowed distinguished members of local elites access to the highest military and administrative posts.

R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 1: Inscriptions of Ancyra

1977 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 63-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Considerable Importance ◽  
General Study ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
The Temple

Even a hurried glance at the walls of the Byzantine citadel, or a rapid inspection of the material collected by the Ankara Archaeological Museum at the depot in the Roman baths is enough to show that Ankara contains a richer collection of Greek and Latin inscriptions than almost any other city of the Anatolian plateau. A long sequence of epigraphic publications stretches back to 1555 when the companions of Augier Ghiselin de Busbecq, ambassador to the court of Suleiman the Magnificent, made the first copy of the Res Gestae, inscribed on the walls of the temple of Rome and Augustus. Since then a succession of travellers and epigraphists has added to the total of known inscriptions, and even if none of their discoveries can rank beside the record which the first emperor published of his life and actions, many of them are of considerable importance both for the history of Ancyra itself and in the wider context of the Roman Empire and the Byzantine world.However, any general study of these inscriptions and their historical implications has been hampered by the fact that they are scattered in a wide range of publications, many of them difficult to obtain. This situation has been partially remedied by Professor E. Bosch's Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Ankara im Altertum, completed in its essentials by 1945, but only published after the author's death by the TTK press in Ankara in 1967. This contains a large proportion of the source material relevant to the city's history from its earliest appearance in the classical sources to the age of Constantine, accompanied by a commentary in German. However, despite its usefulness, the book has not fulfilled the need for a full corpus of the city's inscriptions.

Greek Philosophy

Classics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Preus
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Philosophical Work ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Ancient Greek Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
Hellenistic Philosophy ◽  
Greek World

The title “Ancient Greek Philosophy” may be applied to philosophical texts written in Greek over a period of somewhat more than one thousand years, from the Milesian Anaximander before 500 bce to the Alexandrian John Philoponus, who died in 570 ce. The bibliography of the available texts, and translations, is significantly large, and the bibliography of secondary literature written about those texts in subsequent centuries is vast. This article is necessarily highly selective, designed primarily to give access to some of the basic works in each area of investigation. Separate bibliographies on individual philosophers, periods, and schools will follow. This article begins with a section on philosophy before Plato, including the Presocratics and Socrates, with some references to philosophers who were contemporaries of Plato and Aristotle. The second section focuses on Plato and early Platonists; the third section, on Aristotle and his immediate successors in the Peripatetic school. The fourth section focuses on philosophy after Aristotle, often called “Hellenistic” philosophy. This period notably includes Epicureans, Skeptics, and Stoics, as well as followers of Plato and Aristotle during the period from 322 bce until the Roman Empire engulfed the Greek world. The fifth section includes access to philosophy written in Greek during the Roman Imperial period, from the middle of the 1st century bce until the closing of the philosophical schools in the 5th and 6th centuries ce. It was during this time that many of the texts that provide our information about the earlier periods were written; many of the surviving texts are commentaries on works by Plato or Aristotle, for example, but significant original philosophical work was written, for instance, by Neoplatonists such as Plotinus and Porphyry, by Aristotelians such as Alexander of Aphrodisias, and by the medical philosopher Galen. This bibliography includes something of a combination of introductory texts suitable for someone beginning a study of a particular field, plus a significant number of texts and translations of the ancient authors, and a few more-specialized studies, where those may be of special interest.

R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 5 A Roman Family in Phrygia

1979 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
First Century ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Accounts

The history of Roman and Italian businessmen in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, and especially in Asia, during the first century B.C. is a familiar one. There is ample evidence of many kinds for their emigration and activities after the formation of the province of Asia, interrupted by the hegemony of Mithridates, but resumed on a larger scale after he had been driven back from Asia into Pontus. This evidence can be placed into two broad categories. First, there are allusions in the contemporary literature, inscriptions and historical accounts of the period which provide direct information about individuals and families active in the province. Then there is the evidence of inscriptions of the Imperial period, especially the second and third centuries AD., which reveal both established settlements of resident Romans in the cities and an extraordinary number of families with Roman and Italian names, which could clearly trace their origins back to the Republican period of emigration and settlement. Opportunities to study particular families or groups of emigrants at both periods are unfortunately rare, since usually one or the other category of evidence is lacking. Although the record is far from complete, and it is necessary to rely more on conjecture than one would wish, the object of this study is to investigate one such emigrant family, the Sestullii, whose presence in Asia is attested both in Republican literary sources and in Imperial inscriptions. It is clearly impossible to write a continuous history of the gens, or even to reconstruct its stemma in outline, especially since there is a notably large gap in our knowledge between ca 50 B.C. and A.D. 150, a two hundred year span from which only a single relevant inscription survives, but the family name is so rare that it can reasonably be assumed that all its bearers are related to one another in some way. It must be stressed that this assumption underlies the whole reconstruction offered here.

Machiel Kiel and his View of the Bulgarian Empire on the Eve of the Ottoman Invasion

Epohi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Ovcharov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Holy Roman Empire ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Byzantine Empire ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
Christian Churches ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Almost All

Machiel Kiel’s attitude towards the culture of the Second Bulgarian Empire was extremely negative. In this regard, he blatantly manipulated and falsified the results of historical and archaeological studies. In his opinion, the Bulgarian cities of the 13th–14th centuries were small and unsightly, the churches were rough and impersonal, and the palaces of the kings were poky and ugly. Kiel told outright lies about the conquest of Bulgaria by the Ottoman Turks in the late 14th century. A careful examination of the available data shows quite a different picture. According to demographic studies of world-renowned academicians, such as P. Bairoch, J. Batou and P. Chèvre, medieval Bulgarian cities ranked among the best developed cities on the Old Continent. Moreover, according to the latest study, the capital of Tarnovgrad was on par with Rouen, the second largest city in France, and the southern capital of Toulouse, and had almost as many inhabitants as Cologne, the capital in the Holy Roman Empire. In Tarnovgrad, a total of 64 Christian churches have been uncovered so far, almost all of which were icon-painted and had marble and ceramic artistic decoration. In comparison, in the early 15th century, there were 53 churches and 19 monasteries in Thessaloniki, the second largest city of the Byzantine Empire.

Germanic Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Shoemaker
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Legal Proceedings ◽  
Legal Traditions ◽  
Western European ◽  
Political Communities ◽  
Treat All ◽  
Almost All

Early medieval legislation is a phrase intended to encompass the written legal traditions of the western European peoples who inherited the fragmenting provinces of the Roman Empire in the late fifth century and developed political communities over the next four centuries. While almost all the legislation produced by early medieval peoples was done in conscious emulation of Roman modes of authority, it possesses some features which makes it unique. Chief among these differences was a tendency to treat all wrong as emendable, and to set prices for various types of offences including homicide and theft. While a wealth of early medieval legislation survives, we have very little evidence that any of it was used to supply rules for decisions in formal legal proceedings. The primary importance of early medieval legislation was that it was a marker of sovereignty, not that it had practical uses. Only in the ninth century and afterward do we find legislation copied and circulated in forms that appear aimed at practical judicial application.

The Latest Work on the Export of Baetican Olive Oil to Rome and the Army

1992 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Blázquez
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Work Done

Over the last few years much work has been carried out on the export of olive oil from the province of Baetica to both Rome itself and the rest of the Roman Empire. The key for understanding the export traffic to Rome is the material from the Monte Testaccio in Rome, which is almost completely composed of amphorae from Baetica dating from the Imperial period, where a team of Spanish and Italian archaeologists have carried out two campaigns of excavations in 1989 an 1990 under my direction (Plate 1). This article also contains some other conlusions drawn from the work done in recent years by the team of Spanish archaeologists who work on the Monte Testaccio, investigating the topic of the Baetician oil trade.

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