scholarly journals Influence of additives on suspension structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Vesna Savić ◽  
Milica Martinović ◽  
Ivana Nešić ◽  
Jelena Živković ◽  
Ivana Gajić
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stability Tests ◽  
Polysorbate 20 ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Carbomer Gel ◽  
Suspension Structure ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Study Offer ◽  
Measured Hardness

The aim of this study was to compare the stability and texture of three zinc oxide suspensions with different additives. Suspension 1 was made as official magistral formulation Suspensio album 7.5% from Formulae magistrales 2008. Suspension 2 was prepared when 1% carbomer gel was added to suspension 1 and suspension 3 was prepared when polysorbate 20 was added to suspension 2. After stability tests, texture analysis was performed on all suspensions. Following parameters were measured: hardness cycle 1, hardness cycle 2, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, resilience and springiness. The study showed that suspension 3 had the lowest value of hardness, and therefore the best spreadability. Also, suspension 3 was the least sticky of all three, since it was characterized with the lowest adhesiveness. Further, suspension 3 was the most cohesive and is predicted to withstand the stress during packing and use longer than others. On the other hand, the highest values of resilience and springiness were detected for suspension 1, while the lowest was related to suspension 2. Therefore, the best textural characteristics were assigned to suspension 3. This result is in accordance with the results of performed stability tests. The results of our study offer insight into potential improvements of the current magistral formulation Suspensio album 7.5%.

Estimation of the Stability of Rubber Solutions

1938 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 558-560
Author(s):  
Manfred Rachner
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Rubber Mixture ◽  
Practical Utility ◽  
Sulfur Chloride ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
Stability Of A Solution ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Various types of rubber products, such as seamless goods and rubberized fabrics, are prepared from rubber solutions and are vulcanized either by the hot or cold process. “Cold vulcanization” is effected either by sulfur chloride vapor or by very dilute solutions of sulfur chloride in solvents such as carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, or benzine. “Hot vulcanization” is carried out by heating with sulfur, organic accelerators, and inorganic substances such as colloidal zinc oxide, to “activate” the accelerators. To safeguard against any unforeseen difficulties, it is necessary not only to ascertain how much tendency mixtures containing powerful accelerators have to vulcanize, but above all to determine for how long a time a solution remains stable, i. e., does not commence to vulcanize during ordinary use. To obtain an insight into the practical utility of a mixture, it is in general necessary merely to heat the mixture at 110° C. in a press. A mixture can be regarded without hesitation as satisfactory for practical use if it shows no indication of vulcanization after one hour at this temperature. On the other hand, products prepared from such a solution should as a rule vulcanize fully in 30 mm. at 125° C. or perhaps in 40–50 mm. at 110° C. In view of this, the practical utility of a mixture is judged by the tendency for incipient vulcanization to take place when the mixture is heated at 70° C. in a press. In the case of solutions of rubber mixtures which contain all ingredients milled into the rubber before the solution is prepared, incipient vulcanization is evident by gelation of the solution, i. e., a change from sol to gel. With mixtures of this kind, incipient vulcanization at 70° C. in a press may be accepted as a reasonable criterion, but in no case should it be regarded as a trustworthy indication of the stability of a solution up to the point of gelation, for the rate of vulcanization of the solution to the point of gel formation, and during gel formation itself, is influenced considerably by the constitution and the concentration of the solvent. The concentration of the solution and the degree of plasticity of the rubber mixture likewise influence gel formation. A test of the dry mixture at 70° C. in a press for incipient vulcanization does not take account of these factors.

Uniformity of Magnification from Different Electron Microscopes

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Godfrey C. Hoskins ◽  
V. Williams ◽  
V. Allison
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Grating ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbon Replica ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Stability

The method demonstrated is an adaptation of a proven procedure for accurately determining the magnification of light photomicrographs. Because of the stability of modern electrical lenses, the method is shown to be directly applicable for providing precise reproducibility of magnification in various models of electron microscopes.A readily recognizable area of a carbon replica of a crossed-line diffraction grating is used as a standard. The same area of the standard was photographed in Phillips EM 200, Hitachi HU-11B2, and RCA EMU 3F electron microscopes at taps representative of the range of magnification of each. Negatives from one microscope were selected as guides and printed at convenient magnifications; then negatives from each of the other microscopes were projected to register with these prints. By deferring measurement to the print rather than comparing negatives, correspondence of magnification of the specimen in the three microscopes could be brought to within 2%.

A Bird in the Hand Isn’t Good for Long

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Scherbaum ◽  
Simon Frisch ◽  
Maja Dshemuchadse
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Folk Wisdom ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Folk wisdom tells us that additional time to make a decision helps us to refrain from the first impulse to take the bird in the hand. However, the question why the time to decide plays an important role is still unanswered. Here we distinguish two explanations, one based on a bias in value accumulation that has to be overcome with time, the other based on cognitive control processes that need time to set in. In an intertemporal decision task, we use mouse tracking to study participants’ responses to options’ values and delays which were presented sequentially. We find that the information about options’ delays does indeed lead to an immediate bias that is controlled afterwards, matching the prediction of control processes needed to counter initial impulses. Hence, by using a dynamic measure, we provide insight into the processes underlying short-term oriented choices in intertemporal decision making.

Correlational Methods for Analysis of Dance Movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (supplement) ◽  
pp. 283-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Brick ◽  
Steven M. Boker
Keyword(s):  
Motion Capture ◽  
Mirror Symmetry ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Motion Capture Data ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Dance Movements ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Insight Into

Among the qualities that distinguish dance from other types of human behavior and interaction are the creation and breaking of synchrony and symmetry. The combination of symmetry and synchrony can provide complex interactions. For example, two dancers might make very different movements, slowing each time the other sped up: a mirror symmetry of velocity. Examining patterns of synchrony and symmetry can provide insight into both the artistic nature of the dance, and the nature of the perceptions and responses of the dancers. However, such complex symmetries are often difficult to quantify. This paper presents three methods – Generalized Local Linear Approximation, Time-lagged Autocorrelation, and Windowed Cross-correlation – for the exploration of symmetry and synchrony in motion-capture data as is it applied to dance and illustrate these with examples from a study of free-form dance. Combined, these techniques provide powerful tools for the examination of the structure of symmetry and synchrony in dance.

Marx, Silk Poems, and the Pretext of Qualities

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-126
Author(s):  
Kathryn Crim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Working Day ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Karl Marx’s comments on silk manufacture in “The Working Day” chapter of Capital, volume 1, demonstrate how “quality”—usually associated with “use value”—has been mobilized by capital to naturalize industrialized labor. Putting his insight into conversation with a recent multimedia poetic project, Jen Bervin’s Silk Poems (2016–17), this essay examines the homology between, on the one hand, poetry’s avowed task of fitting form to content and, on the other, the ideology of labor that fits specific bodies to certain materials and tasks.

Spiritualism in Raymond Carver’s Work

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 214
Author(s):  
Viola Kita
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Good Thing ◽  
Raymond Carver ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Christian Writer ◽  
Spiritual Reading ◽  
Insight Into

Raymond Carver’s work provides the opportunity for a spiritual reading. The article that offers the greatest insight into spirituality is William Stull’s “Beyond Hopelessville: Another Side of Raymond Carver.” In it we can notice the darkness which is dominant in Carver’s early works with the optimism that is an essential part of Carver’s work “Cathedral”. A careful reading of “A Small Good Thing” and “The Bath” can give the idea that they are based on the allegory of spiritual rebirth which can be interpreted as a “symbol of Resurrection”. Despite Stull’s insisting in Carver’s stories allusions based on the Bible, it cannot be proved that the writer has made use of Christian imagery. Therefore, it can be concluded that spirituality in Carver’s work is one of the most confusing topics so far in the literary world because on one hand literary critics find a lot of biblical elements and on the other hand Carver himself refuses to be analyzed as a Christian writer.

Intimacy as Transgression and the Problem of Freedom

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Kym Maclaren
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Relationships ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Critical Insight ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
What Matters

“To consent to love or be loved,” said Merleau-Ponty, “is to consent also to influence someone else, to decide to a certain extent on behalf of the other.” This essay explicates that idea through a meditation on intimacy. I propose, first, that, on Merleau-Ponty’s account, we are always transgressing into each other’s experience, whether we are strangers or familiars; I call this “ontological intimacy.” Concrete experiences of intimacy are based upon this ontological intimacy, and can take place at two levels: (1) at-this-moment (such that we can experience intimacy even with strangers, by sharing a momentary but extra-ordinary mutual recognition) and (2) in shared interpersonal institutions, or habitual, enduring, and co-enacted visions of who we are, how to live, and what matters. Through particular examples of dynamics within these layers of intimacy (drawing upon work by Berne and by Russon), I claim that we are always, inevitably, imposing an “unfreedom” upon our intimate others. Freedom, then, can only develop from within and by virtue of this “unfreedom.” Thus, what distinguishes empowering or emancipating relationships from oppressive ones is not the removal of transgressive normative social forces; it is rather the particular character of those transgressive forces. Some transgressions upon others’ experience—some forms of “unfreedom”—will tend to promote freedom; others will tend to hinder it. This amounts to a call for promoting agency and freedom not only through critical analysis of public institutions, practices and discourses, but also through critical insight into and transformation of our most private and intimate relationships.

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

scholarly journals Black Hole Algorithm for Sustainable Design of Counterfort Retaining Walls

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Yepes ◽  
José V. Martí ◽  
José García
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Sustainable Design ◽  
Retaining Walls ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Construction Company ◽  
Geometric Variables ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Black Hole Algorithm

The optimization of the cost and CO 2 emissions in earth-retaining walls is of relevance, since these structures are often used in civil engineering. The optimization of costs is essential for the competitiveness of the construction company, and the optimization of emissions is relevant in the environmental impact of construction. To address the optimization, black hole metaheuristics were used, along with a discretization mechanism based on min–max normalization. The stability of the algorithm was evaluated with respect to the solutions obtained; the steel and concrete values obtained in both optimizations were analyzed. Additionally, the geometric variables of the structure were compared. Finally, the results obtained were compared with another algorithm that solved the problem. The results show that there is a trade-off between the use of steel and concrete. The solutions that minimize CO 2 emissions prefer the use of concrete instead of those that optimize the cost. On the other hand, when comparing the geometric variables, it is seen that most remain similar in both optimizations except for the distance between buttresses. When comparing with another algorithm, the results show a good performance in optimization using the black hole algorithm.

scholarly journals Customisation and Desirable Characteristics of a Standard Method of Measurement for Building Works in Ghana

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Nani ◽  
Peter Edwards ◽  
Theophilus Adjei-Kumi ◽  
Edward Badu ◽  
Peter Amoah
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Opinion Survey ◽  
British Standard ◽  
Industry Practice ◽  
Precision Industry ◽  
Method Of Measurement ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Methods Of Measurement

This paper reports a study that identified andcategorised the modifications to the 5thEdition of the British Standard Method ofMeasurement (SMM5) of building works inGhana. Typical modifications involved ‘costinsignificant items’, ‘minor labour items’,‘custom units of measurement’, ‘methodrelated items’, ‘combinable items’,‘subordinate items’, and ‘items of minorinformative impact’. It was also observed thatthe desirable characteristics/ qualities ofstandard methods of measurement (SMM) ofbuilding work were noteworthy, since theyprovide insight into the nature of a SMMrequired for the construction industry inGhana.The research reviewed available literature,various SMMs and bills of quantities (BQs).The relevance of the modifications andSMM characteristics identified wasconfirmed by a survey of the opinions ofprofessional quantity surveyors conductedthrough a carefully designed questionnaire.Inferences from the opinion survey formedthe basis for grouping both SMMmodifications found and the desired qualitiesof a SMM for Ghana.Survey respondents confirmed all theidentified modifications to the British SMM,except for the elimination of items of minorinformative impact. It was held that allinformation was relevant in measurement.Desirable characteristics of a SMM were ratedin decreasing order of relevance as: easylocation of items; cost significance; simplicity;thoroughness; ease of cost analysis; goodpractice; conciseness; adoptability; precision;industry practice; stakeholders’ opinion;custom classification; regional relevance; andinclusion of jargon. It was noted that therelevance of these characteristics may varyform one region to the other as a result oftechnological, cultural and legal differences.However, the desired SMM characteristicswere recommended as fundamental indeveloping an appropriate SMM for Ghana.

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