scholarly journals Expert assessment of measures on reduction of congestion in cities

Tehnika ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-774
Author(s):  
Milica Milutinović ◽  
Vladimir Đorić
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
The Impact

Traffic congestion is defined as mutual obstruction of traffic by vehicles due to the existing relation between the speed of vehicles and the flow in conditions of exceeding the capacity of the infrastructure. The paper presents an analysis of local experts survey on the role of non-motorized and motorized ways of travel to reduce congestion, as well as a comparison with the assessments given by foreign experts. The performance and the impact of different modes of transport (motorized and non-motorized) on congestion in urban conditions were assessed. The impact of the mode of transport on congestion was assessed using measures that are usually implemented in cities. Possibilities for improving multimodal mobility with an emphasis on walking and cycling have also been identified, as the most perspective ways due to the relatively low costs of implementation and the potential to affect the modal distribution.

scholarly journals Urban ecophysiology: beyond costs, stress and biomarkers

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (22) ◽  
pp. jeb203794
Author(s):  
Caroline Isaksson
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Redox System ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
Urban Conditions ◽  
System Metabolism ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Physiological Systems

ABSTRACTNatural habitats are rapidly declining due to urbanisation, with a concomitant decline in biodiversity in highly urbanised areas. Yet thousands of different species have colonised urban environments. These organisms are exposed to novel urban conditions, which are sometimes beneficial, but most often challenging, such as increased ambient temperature, chemicals, noise and light pollution, dietary alterations and disturbance by humans. Given the fundamental role of physiological responses in coping with such conditions, certain physiological systems such as the redox system, metabolism and hormones are thought to specifically influence organisms’ ability to persist and cope with urbanisation. However, these physiological systems often show mixed responses to urbanisation. Does this mean that some individuals, populations or species are resilient to the urban environmental challenges? Or is something missing from our analyses, leading us to erroneous conclusions regarding the impact of urbanisation? To understand the impact of urbanisation, I argue that a more integrated mechanistic and ecological approach is needed, along with experiments, in order to fully understand the physiological responses; without knowledge of their ecological and evolutionary context, physiological measures alone can be misinterpreted. Furthermore, we need to further investigate the causes of and capacity for individual plasticity in order to understand not only the impact of urbanisation, but also species resilience. I argue that abiotic and biotic urban factors can interact (e.g. pollution with micro- and macronutrients) to either constrain or relax individual physiological responses – and, thereby, plasticity – on a temporal and/or spatial scale, which can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the impact of urbanisation.

scholarly journals Medical Experts and Agnotology in the Fumes Controversy of the Huelva Copper Mines (1888–1890)

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximo Guillem-Llobat
Keyword(s):  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Copper Extraction ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Scientific Controversy ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
Circulation Of Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Huelva’s copper mines (Spain) have been active for centuries but in the second half of the nineteenth century extractive activities in Riotinto, Tharsis, and other mines in the region were intensified in order to reach world leadership. The method used in these mines for copper extraction from low grade ores generated continuous emissions of fumes that were extremely controversial. The inhabitants had complained about the fumes for decades but as activity intensified so did complaints. The killing of anti-fumes demonstrators in 1888 led to the passing of a Royal Decree banning the open-air roasting of ore and to the drafting of numerous reports on the hazards of the fumes. Major state and provincial medical institutions, as well as renowned hygienists and engineers, took part in the assessment, contributing to a scientific controversy especially rich in content. In my paper I will analyse the production and circulation of knowledge and ignorance about the impact of fumes on public health, as well as the role of medical experts and expertise in the controversy. The analysis will focus on the reports drafted between the 1888 ban and its 1890 repeal, and will show the changing nature of the expert assessment and the numerous paths followed by experts in producing ignorance. The paper will conclude by considering other stakeholders, who may shed some light on the reasons behind the performance of the medical experts.

The Role of Intellectual Property Protection in the Business Strategy of University Spin-Off Biotech Companies in a Small Transition Economy

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tõnis Mets ◽  
Merike Leego ◽  
Tiit Talpsep ◽  
Urmas Varblane
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
Transition Economy ◽  
Intellectual Property Protection ◽  
Transition Country ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractSpin-off biotech companies often have difficulties in creating competitive advantage through protection of their intellectual property, due to their limited human and financial resources. Having considered the value of the intellectual property and questions of enforceability, spin-off companies should use patenting only for inventions with a high market value and high patent enforceability; otherwise, publishing early or keeping the invention a trade secret should be preferred. This allows the inventor to benefit from operational freedom while maintaining low costs. The impact of the protected intellectual property on the success of the firm depends on its speed of entry into the market and when it reaches break-even point. In a transition country with a poorly developed entrepreneurial environment, patents may expire before the spin-off company has produced any profit from its expenditures on the protection of the intellectual property. It should also be remembered that their products may contain modules which are already protected by other inventors. Consequently, a strategically fundamental issue for the success of spin-off firms is the careful selection of the markets in which to operate, and the choice of the proper degree and method of intellectual property protection.

scholarly journals User Preferences for Bus Map Design: Evidence from a Map Usability Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mohd Shahmy Mohd Said ◽  
David Forrest
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Map Design ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Bus Services ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This study represents the final stage of an investigation into understanding the variation in bus map design and the impact of map design preferences in public transportation information portrayal, with a particular focus on Malaysia. In many cities, bus services represent an important facet of easing traffic congestion and reducing pollution. However, with the entrenched car culture in many countries, persuading people to change their mode of transport is a major challenge. To promote this modal shift, people need to know what services are available and where (and when) they go. Bus service maps provide an invaluable element of providing suitable public transport information, but are often overlooked by transport planners, and are under-researched by cartographers. There are various approaches to the design of bus maps, but it is always an issue for the authorities to understand which designs are preferred by the public and which perform best in conveying the required information. A total of 100 Malaysians completed six journey-planning tasks using two network bus maps, which were different in designs. The two bus map designs involved in this study are based on previous map analysis research.</p><p>The study found that majority of respondents were competent as they successfully completed the journey planning task, with more than 80 percent of the tasks being answered correctly. Additional enquiries proved that the effective design used in a bus map can attract more users to use public transportation, thus provide evidence that map availability can play a part in enhancing public transport ridership.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of the impact of risks of energy companies in a pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 217 ◽  
pp. 07002
Author(s):  
Natalya Solopova ◽  
Oleg Karpovich ◽  
Anna Minnullina ◽  
Ruslan Minnullin
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electric Power Industry ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
Energy Industry ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
External Risk ◽  
Energy Companies ◽  
The Impact

The life-supporting role of the electric power industry during the spread of the coronavirus was especially pronounced. Electricity has become necessary for remote education of children, video calls, hospitals, etc. The main trends in electricity demand include changes in the ratio of electricity consumption in industry, transport and commercial sectors, as well as households due to the quarantine of some consumers. The paper identifies key risk-forming factors for the energy industry at the macro level and, based on an expert assessment, identifies the most probable and most powerful risks. By analogy with external risk-forming factors, the internal risk-forming factors of energy companies were analyzed, and their range of internal risks was determined.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Congestion Relief Proposals in a Capital City

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhir C. Fowdur ◽  
Soonil D. D. V. Rughooputh
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Bus Rapid Transit ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Alternative Mode ◽  
Ring Road ◽  
Bus Network ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims at analyzing three different solutions suggested for traffic congestion relief in Port Louis, the busiest city of Mauritius. It evaluates the impact of the three alternatives which are the use of Light Rail Transit (LRT) as an alternative mode of transport, the construction of a Ring road around Port Louis, and the upgrading of the current bus network into a Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system. The impact of these three solutions has been evaluated by performing Traffic Cellular Automata (TCA) simulations. Our studies reveal that the Ring road will lead to more congestion while introducing the LRT or upgrading the current bus network will reduce congestion significantly.

scholarly journals ASPECTS OF FUNCTIONING OF HOTEL ENTERPRISES OF THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION IN THE CONDITIONS OF A PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2(87)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svitlana Slava ◽  
Vitalia Chyniak
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Temperature Measurement ◽  
Hotel Industry ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Tourist Flows ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
The Impact

The general features of functioning and adaptation of hotel enterprises of Zakarpattia region in the conditions of pandemic are investigated in the article. Revealed the issues and relevance of the selected topic, which relate to the impact on global, regional and local economic processes of the fact of the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Were analyzed the available publications of Ukrainian and foreign authors on related topics, concerning the vision of the impact of the pandemic on the functioning of the labor market of Ukraine, reaction and adaptation of education systems of different countries to the consequences of lockdown, assessments of the general problems of the hotel industry that have arisen in the process of spreading the global pandemic, the role of business innovation applied by hospitality companies during the COVID-19 crisis. The dynamics of the distribution of tourist flows in the Transcarpathian region during 2000-2019, ie in the precoronavirus stage, this allows us to identify the main trends that dominated in the field of hospitality. On the basis of a questionnaire developed and conducted by the authors, the partial results of certain aspects of scientific research are formed. The adaptation factors implemented by hotel enterprises are considered and ranked - from the most successful to the least used (compliance with antivirus measures and recommendations, change of mode of transport, new types of tourist routes, electronic means of booking and registration, organization of online tours, excursions, etc.), the scale of efficiency of factors of adaptation which is based on an estimation of average value of their usefulness is created. Demonstrated the percentage of effectiveness of measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus (compliance with social distancing, mask regimen, use of disinfectants and antiseptics, wet periodic cleaning, temperature measurement); the main causes of business complications are given; the forecasted periods of recovery of small hotel enterprises at the pre-crisis level are visualized. Relevant conclusions have been drawn from the findings and recommendations are being developed to mitigate the effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

scholarly journals The Role of Millennials in the Formation of the Hotel and Restaurant Business Brand

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Oksana Polinkevych
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Comparison Research ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Impact

The topicality. In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the latest technologies to stimulate business development are becoming important. The source of change is millennials, which determine the prospects for development and contribute to the formation of competitiveness in the market. The purpose of the article is to determine the role of millennials in the formation of the hotel and restaurant business brand in the conditions of COVID-19. Research methods. The study used general scientific methods: analysis, abstraction, induction, deduction, synthesis, inference, generalization, comparison. Research results. The peculiarities of the concept of “millennials” have been defined. It has been established that millennials are young people aged 18-35 who have a positive impact on the development of the hotel and restaurant business and are generators of change. An expert assessment of the impact of millennials on the hotel and restaurant business was conducted. It identifies the main technologies preferred by millennials by gender and age group. The scheme of formation of the brand model by millennials in the conditions of COVID-19 has been developed. Conclusions and discussions. It is determined that millennials are the main driving force of strategic changes in the hotel and restaurant business and contribute to the development and competitiveness of organizations.

Intergroup Threat and Outgroup Attitudes

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Brambilla ◽  
David A. Butz
Keyword(s):  
Gay Men ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Social Policies ◽  
Intergroup Threat ◽  
Economic Threat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
General Climate

Two studies examined the impact of macrolevel symbolic threat on intergroup attitudes. In Study 1 (N = 71), participants exposed to a macrosymbolic threat (vs. nonsymbolic threat and neutral topic) reported less support toward social policies concerning gay men, an outgroup whose stereotypes implies a threat to values, but not toward welfare recipients, a social group whose stereotypes do not imply a threat to values. Study 2 (N = 78) showed that, whereas macrolevel symbolic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward gay men, macroeconomic threat led to less favorable attitudes toward Asians, an outgroup whose stereotypes imply an economic threat. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding the role of a general climate of threat in shaping intergroup attitudes.

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