Переддень і початок німецько-радянської війни в дослідженнях істориків зарубіжжя

The article is dedicated to the key issues of the run-up and beginning of the first period of the German-Soviet war, which are reflected in foreign historiography. The authors of the publication tried historically reconstruct the events that preceded Nazi Germany’s attack on the USSR, the military confrontation on the Soviet-German battlefield from June 22 to December 1941 based on the most famous works of researchers from neighboring countries and beyond.The publication attempts to cover a wide range of problems: secret diplomacy, political maneuvers of the USSR and Germany in advance of the war, strategic plans of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army and the Wehrmacht, the course of military operations on the Eastern Front in the summer and winter of 1941.The authors of the publication mainly focus on documents and materials belonging to direct participants of the events, well-known scholars and politicians. The facts and analysis of historical events presented by them cannot remain outside the scientific controversy. The geopolitical plans of the Nazis, who posed a threat to the entire world civilization, seem impressive.The article refutes most of the assessments and key conclusions from the times of Soviet historiography. Important historical sources included in the scientific discourse deny the conceptual issues of the Soviet historical narrative about the nature of international relations on the run-up of the war and the initial period of the war with Nazi Germany. The authors explain their critical attitude to the publications of the post-Soviet era, which, first, do not pass the source test, and second, do not meet the principles of humanism, democracy and tolerance, which are inherent in the ideas of the 21st century.To obtain unbiased results and conclusions, the authors of the publication relied on various methods of scientific research: content analysis, synthesis, historical-comparative, historical-chronological, critical and comparative analyses.The authors believe that this publication is not only of scientific and cognitive interest, but provides a deep understanding of the lessons of the past war, which are important for the current security of the Ukrainian state and formation of patriotic consciousness of society, unbiased evolvement of its historical memory. The presented results of research in foreign historiography are a strong argument for modern Ukrainian discourse.The main visions of the authors meet the consolidation of the current scientific trend of Ukraine — glorification of the significant role of the Ukrainian people in the victory over Nazi.

Kazimir Malevich in Avant-Garde Discussions in 1928–1930

The article is devoted to the figure of Kazimir Malevich as an artist and art critic, who introduced new tendencies and approaches to the depiction of objects into traditional art; representation of the artist in avant-garde discussions in the period of his teaching at the Kyiv Art Institute in 1928–1930; searches and experiments of the artist, which were closely connected with the feeling of modernity and new impulses in culture. Malevich’s activity on creation of a unique history of art of Modernism is revealed. It is shown that the scientific controversy between artists over traditional approaches and pictorial methods acted as a catalyst for the development of a new direction in modern art. Discussions between Kazimir Malevich and Mykhailo Boichuk became fundamental for an artistic discussion which continues among contemporary artists and art critics. The artist based his work on objectlessness, which became a method of interpreting art. In this way, he shifted the emphasis from defining the content to defining the form, the very essence of art. Being a theorist, Kazimir Malevich discovered the patterns of development of art form, explaining the importance and sequence of emergence of each new direction: Suprematism, Cubism, Cubofuturism. Artistic discussions with contemporaries were of great importance. Malevich’s ideas continued to spread thanks to students and like-minded people who developed them and developed new approaches to painting techniques. The experience embodied by the artist at the Kyiv Art Institute showed the peculiarity of the artistic space that was formed in Kyiv in the late 1920s. Kazimir Malevich’s ideas are a promising scientific research for both historians and art historians as they show new facets of the avant-garde style.

B.P. Hasdeu – hypostasis of the “Romanian specialist”

The purpose of any specialist, regardless of the sphere approached, is to serve the aspirations of scientific and cultural development of his people. However, in the broad process of searching for scientific truth, the possibility seen by some scientists to achieve this goal is scientific controversy, often manifested in a harsh duel of words. This article aims at confronting some of the most representative figures of Romanian linguistics, a confrontation developed in the realm of ideas. Using weapons such as stinging irony, humor and sarcasm, Alexandru Philippide outlines a new hypostasis of the “Romanian specialist”, this time materialized in the person of Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu.

Attitudes towards science during the COVID-19 pandemic: A psychological network approach

A better understanding of the public attitude towards science could be crucial to tackle the spread of mis- and disinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. We here contribute to this understanding by conceptualizing and analyzing the attitude toward science as a psychological network. For this analysis, we utilized data from a German probability sample (N = 1,009), the “Science Barometer”, collected during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, our network analysis revealed that especially the perceived value of science for curbing the pandemic is central to the attitude towards science. Beliefs about this value are related to trust in science and trust in scientific information and to positive and negative evaluations of scientific controversy and complexity. Further, valuing common sense over science was related to seeking less scientific information on official websites, suggesting that this belief, in particular, may drive mis- and disinformation and could be a promising target for interventions. Finally, we found no evidence that seeking scientific information on social media had detrimental consequences for the attitude towards science. Implications for health communication and science communication, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

The Problem of Attributing the Works of the Venerable Anastasius of Sinai

В данной статье автор предпринимает попытку описать современное состояние исследований наследия прп. Анастасия Синаита. До определённого времени святой был одним из малоизученных византийских богословов. Начиная же со второй половины XX в., одно за другим стали выходить критические издания трудов прп. Анастасия. До сих пор продолжается научная полемика по датам и обстоятельствам жизни, по атрибуции трудов этого отца. Для исследователей остаются открытыми вопросы авторства таких важных трудов, приписываемых прп. Анастасию, как «Толкование на Шестоднев и «Учение отцов о Воплощении Слова», ждут своего критического издания другие его догматическо-полемические, аскетические и гомилетические произведения. In this article, the author attempts to describe the current state of research into the heritage of the Monk Anastasios the Sinaite. Until a certain time, the saint was one of the little-studied Byzantine theologians. Starting from the second half of the 20th century, critical editions of the works of St. Anastasios. Until now, scientific controversy continues on the dates and circumstances of life, on the attribution of the works of this father. For researchers, questions remain open about the authorship of such important works attributed to St. Anastasios, as «The Interpretation of the Six Days» and «The Teaching of the Fathers about the Incarnation of the Word», his other dogmatic-polemic, ascetic and homiletic works await their critical publication.

Dostoevsky and Antiquity: Classical Education at the L. I. Chermak Boarding School

The article attempts to identify the classical linguistic and cultural context of F. M. Dostoevsky's education at the L. I. Chermak boarding school. It lists the programs and textbooks that Dostoevsky studied in 1834‒1837 to learn about the intricacies of classical languages and ancient history, and the teachers who may have influenced his perception of ancient history and culture. Using the issues of the “Biblioteka dlya chteniya” (Library for Reading) journal, the authors investigate which texts related to classical antiquity were available to Dostoevsky outside of the curriculum. The period of Dostoevsky's studies at the Chermak boarding school can be characterized as extremely favorable for the assimilation and comprehension of ancient heritage. The reason for this is the emphasis on classical languages in education set by government decisions, successfully augmented by the brilliant teaching staff at the boarding school, i. e., K. M. Romanovsky, N. I. Bilevich and A. M. Kubarev, Dostoevsky saw Greco-Roman antiquity not as a boring and tiresome collection of dead forms, but as a source of fantasies, reflections, comparisons, and sublime ideas. The publications in Library for Reading on history and archeology, literature and art of Ancient Greece and Rome revealed antiquity in a multi-faceted manner, taking the teenager inclined to serious reading far beyond the school curriculum into the world of stunning discoveries, sharp scientific controversy, bold comparisons with modern times and vivid artistic images.

(Toxi)Cidade do Aço: Infraestrutura Siderúrgica e Contestação Social em um Caso de Contaminação por Resíduos Industriais

O artigo analisa o caso de contaminação do “condomínio Volta Grande IV” por resíduos industriais da Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), em Volta Redonda no Sul Fluminense (RJ). A noção de “infraestrutura siderúrgica” é desenvolvida como chave de análise capaz de restituir conceitual e etnograficamente a dimensão invisível da produção siderúrgica, ao enfocar o lado residual da infraestrutura, caracterizado pela toxicidade. O objetivo do artigo é compreender as relações de poder e dinâmicas políticas engendradas pelas substâncias tóxicas na configuração de arenas de disputa em torno de seus potenciais usos e efeitos. A partir da apresentação de quatro cenários a contaminação, a controvérsia científica, o processo judicial e a arena ambiental a narrativa etnográfica adota o tempo como objeto privilegiado, discutindo as formas como temporalidades divergentes atravessam diferencialmente a infraestrutura e seus efeitos políticos na construção de estratégias corporativas e processos de contestação social, que terminam por conformar uma “política resiliente”.(Toxi)City of steel: steelmaking infrastructure and social contestation in a case of contamination by industrial wasteAbstract: The article analyzes the case of contamination of the “Volta Grande IV” neighborhood by industrial waste from Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), in the city of Volta Redonda, South of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The notion of “steelmaking infrastructure” is developed as a key concept that enables to integrate conceptually and ethnographically the invisible dimension of steel production, by focusing on the residual side of the infrastructure, characterized by toxicity. The focus is to understand power relations and political dynamics engendered by toxic substances in the configuration of contentious arenas around their potential uses and effects. The ethnographic narrative proceeds by presenting four scenarios - contamination, scientific controversy, the legal process and the environmental arena - and adopts time as a privileged object, discussing the ways in which divergent temporalities differentially traverse infrastructure and its political effects in the construction of corporate strategies and social contestation processes, that shape a "resilient politics”.Keywords: Environmental justice; Toxic waste; Steel industry; Infrastructure; Time.

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) in Sami Reindeer Herding: The Socio-Political Dimension of an Epizootic in an Indigenous Context

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is the most transmissible of the prion diseases. In 2016, an unexpected case was found in Norway, the first in Europe. Since then, there have been 32 confirmed cases in Norway, Sweden, and Finland. This paper aims to examine the situation from a social and political perspective: considering the management of CWD in the Swedish part of Sápmi—the Sami ancestral land; identifying the place of the Sami people in the risk management–because of the threats to Sami reindeer herding that CWD presents; and understanding how the disease can modify the modalities of Indigenous reindeer husbandry, whether or not CWD is epizootic. Based on interviews with various stakeholders and by examining the social sciences literature, this paper shows that the health risk management is structured by a politico-scientific controversy about the recognition, or not, of atypical and classical CWD. The Sami herders are currently cooperating with the state authorities in the surveillance program to sample their herds. This involvement takes place in a situation where the balance of power between the Sami people and the state, or the European Union, is framed by its colonial context. This has consequences with respect to the definition of a common interest and to implementing sanitary measures. The particular features of reindeer herding are seen as a challenge to managing CWD risk, compared with European health standards. We argue that CWD will greatly modify the modalities of Indigenous reindeer herding, whether there are positive cases or not in the Sami reindeer. By implementing new health guidelines, the authorities will create a cascading effect in Sami land and its use. The CWD situation in Fennoscandia is full of uncertainty but may cause a major shift in the organization and the governance of Sápmi. In September 2020, the identification of a new CWD case in a wild reindeer in Norway started a new episode in the disease management in Fennoscandia. Our paper raises various questions linked to understanding this new step in this crisis which is not only epidemiological, but also socio-cultural and political.