Late Nineteenth-Century Freight Rates Revisited: Some Evidence from the British Coastal Coal Trade

2009 ◽  
pp. 149-180
Author(s):  
John Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Made In ◽  
Coal Trade

This chapter analyses previous studies of maritime freight rates and offers a statistical and economic analysis of the British coastal trade. It explores the methodology of calculating freight rates, plus the motives for raising and lowering them, and calculates the operating costs of coal shipping in the British coastal trade. It asserts that advances made in coastal shipping technology lowered costs and transformed the coastal coal trade into a more profitable enterprise.

Railways and Coastal Shipping in Britain in the Later Nineteenth Century: Cooperation and Competition

2009 ◽  
pp. 103-128
Author(s):  
John Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Clearing House ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Cooperation And Competition ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Levels Of Service

This essay charts the lesser-known methods utilised by rail and shipping companies to restrict inter-modal competition in Britain in the late nineteenth century. It examines the collaboration between rail and shipping companies over freight rates and levels of service, via surviving written agreements, Railway Clearing House (RCH) records, and shipping records. It explores the motives for collaboration and offers case studies of several agreements made during the period. Overall, it discovers that collaboration between rail and shipping companies was necessary to keep freight rates fixed and to handle price competition within their sectors.

Introduction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Thain
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
High Modernism ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Made In

Starting with the idea of the late nineteenth century as a locus of ‘lyric crisis’, the introduction outlines established scholarly narratives of the relationship between poetry and modernity in the nineteenth century, and describes how the book will challenge these through its attention to aestheticist poetry. It goes on to explain the remit and choices made in the structure of the book (which is organized around three parts, each of which contains three chapters), and ends by situating the book’s methodology in relation to the fields of lyric studies and lyric theory. The overall aim of the book is stated as the analysis of the relationship between lyric and modernity prior to the better known story of poetic modernisation that occurs within high modernism in the first half of the twentieth century.

River Glass

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-51
Author(s):  
Matthew Klingle
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Los Angeles River ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Early Photography ◽  
Made In

This essay by historian Matthew Klingle compares the work of Carleton Watkins, a pioneer in early photography, and Michael Kolster, a contemporary photographer. Like his predecessor, Kolster uses the wet-plate photographic process to create ambrotypes: handmade images made on glass. Watkins’s images, made in the late-nineteenth century, helped to sell scenic, monumental California and the West to the nation. In contrast, Kolster’s photographs of the Los Angeles River, a degraded and often ignored urban waterway, suggest how older photographic techniques might be employed to create new aesthetics of place freed from the confines of purity and beauty.

A Lost Mozarabic Liturgical Manuscript Rediscovered: New York, Hispanic Society of America, B2916, Olim Toledo, Biblioteca Capitular, 33.2

Traditio ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 189-215
Author(s):  
Susan Boynton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New York ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Private Collection ◽  
Original Manuscript ◽  
Saint Martin ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Made In ◽  
Assumption Of The Virgin

The manuscript sources of the Mozarabic or Old Hispanic liturgy have been thoroughly described and analyzed, with the exception of an early-eleventh-century book of saints' offices that has been considered missing since the late nineteenth century from the Cathedral Archive of Toledo. In October 2001, I identified this lost book as manuscript B2916 in the library of the Hispanic Society of America in New York, where it has been since its acquisition by the Society's founder, Archer Huntington. HSA MS B2916 is the only codex of the Old Hispanic liturgy preserved outside Europe. This manuscript is a curious book, comprising the offices for the feasts of Saint Martin (November 11), Saint Emilianus or Millán (November 12), and the Assumption of the Virgin (August 15). The matins lessons of the first two offices consist of the entirety of, respectively, theVitaeof Martin by Sulpicius Severus and of San Millán by Braulio of Saragossa. Because the manuscript was in a private collection and has remained uncatalogued, it has gone unnoticed for the last century, a period that saw the maturation of modern study of the Mozarabic rite. The contents of the book were not unknown during this time, however, because some specialists have consulted the copy (today in the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid) made in 1752 by the polymath Jesuit Andrés Marcos Burriel. Indeed, it was Clyde Brockett's remarkably accurate handmade copy of the Burriel copy that made the identification of the manuscript possible, even at two removes. While the Burriel copy is useful, many important aspects of the original manuscript deserve notice.

Deposition practices in Iron Age France: new light on old discoveries

Antiquity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (361) ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
Manuel Fernández-Götz
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Easy Task ◽  
New Information ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Made In

Dealing with information coming from nineteenth-century discoveries is not always an easy task for archaeologists, and it can prove particularly problematic for iconic findings that have come to characterise entire periods or cultural horizons. Information is very often fragmentary, and in most cases, field methods and recording techniques are not up to present-day standards. A careful re-examination of old collections can, however, often be as fruitful as new findings. This is exemplified by the volumes under review here, which reassess two of the most important archaeological discoveries made in the late nineteenth-century in France: the bronze hoard of Launac in Languedoc and the grave of La Gorge-Meillet in Champagne. In addition to summarising existing knowledge, the volumes also provide new information coming from modern scientific analysis, as well as re-evaluations of certain find categories.

Productivity Change in Ocean Shipping after 1870: A Comment

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Walton
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Productivity Change ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Recent Contribution ◽  
Freight Rates ◽  
Ocean Shipping ◽  
Traditional Argument ◽  
Late Nineteenth

The recent contribution by Knauerhase in this Journal raises some important issues regarding productivity change in ocean shipping in the late nineteenth century. The study is limited to the German fleet for the period from 1871 to 1887, but the findings do bear on the decline of freight rates after 1870. The traditional argument, which is now less in vogue, is that steam played the significant role in the last half of the nineteenth century and was the main source of advancing productivity. The novelty and importance of the findings by Knauerhase is that they support this hypothesis. The evidence given by Graham, on the other hand, points to the 1870's as a period when the sailing vessel underwent significant productivity change and experienced revived growth. This position has been buttressed by North, who argues that sail dominated the long-haul routes where most of the goods were carried and where the reduction in freight rates was most dramatic.

Management Response in British Coastal Shipping Companies to Railway Competition

2009 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
John Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Short Distance ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Short Sea Shipping ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
Rail Industry ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The Impact

This essay examines the way British coastal shipping companies handled competition from the rail industry. It explores the role of coastal shipping before the advent of rail; the impact of steam on short-sea shipping; the perceived minor threat of short-distance early railways; the direct threat of long-distance rail lines that began to appear in the 1840s; and the effectiveness of the attempts to address railway competition - the search for technological improvement, market segmentation, and re-pricing structures in particular. It concludes that the coaster and railway industries co-existed peacefully during the late nineteenth century as it served both of their interests, and assures that any serious threat to rail that the coastal industry could instigate would be met with swift and crippling retaliation, so they opted not to risk upsetting the balance.

John Stuart Mill

2021 ◽  
pp. 137-159
Author(s):  
Manolis Manioudis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Economic History ◽  
John Stuart Mill ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical School ◽  
Middle Way ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Factual Data

This article attempts to illustrate the interrelations between theory and history in John Stuart Mill’s political economy. Mill follows a stages theory from the tradition of the Scottish historical school and viewed history as an essential part in understanding economic phenomena. The article stresses the affinities between Mill and the Scottish historical school while at the same time showing how Mill moves between theory and history to verify his views or to show the limit of his economic analysis. This movement, viewed as a part of his attempt to sketch out a middle way between Ricardianism and inductivism, provided Mill the opportunity to make an extensive use of factual data before the professionalization of economic history proper in the late nineteenth century.

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