scholarly journals Eye gaze patterns reflect how young fraction learners approach numerical comparisons

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Alison T. Miller Singley ◽  
Jeffrey Lynn Crawford ◽  
Silvia A. Bunge
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Fraction Comparison

Learning fractions is notoriously difficult, yet critically important to mathematical and general academic achievement. Eye-tracking studies are beginning to characterize the strategies that adults use when comparing fractions, but we know relatively little about the strategies used by children. We used eye-tracking to analyze how novice children and mathematically-proficient adults approached a well-studied fraction comparison paradigm. Specifically, eye-tracking can provide insights into the nature of differences: whether they are quantitative—reflecting differences in efficiency—or qualitative—reflecting a fundamentally different approach. We found that children who had acquired the basic fraction rules made more eye movements than did either adults or less proficient children, suggesting a thorough but inefficient problem solving approach. Additionally, correct responses were associated with normative gaze patterns, regardless of age or proficiency levels. However, children paid more attention to irrelevant numerical relationships on conditions that were conceptually difficult. An exploratory analysis points to the possibility that children on the verge of making a conceptual leap attend to the relevant relationships even when they respond incorrectly. These findings indicate the potential of eye-tracking methodology to better characterize the behavior associated with different levels of fraction proficiency, as well as to provide insights for educators regarding how to best support novices at different levels of conceptual development.

scholarly journals Eye-Tracking the Emergence of Attentional Anchors in a Mathematics Learning Tablet Activity

2017 ◽  
pp. 166-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakila Shayan ◽  
Dor Abrahamson ◽  
Arthur Bakker ◽  
Carolien A. C. G. Duijzer ◽  
Marieke van der Schaaf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Mathematics Learning ◽  
School Students ◽  
Clinical Interviews ◽  
Reflective Abstraction ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Sensorimotor Interaction ◽  
Embodiment Theory

Little is known about micro-processes by which sensorimotor interaction gives rise to conceptual development. Per embodiment theory, these micro-processes are mediated by dynamical attentional structures. Accordingly this study investigated eye-gaze behaviors during engagement in solving tablet-based bimanual manipulation tasks designed to foster proportional reasoning. Seventy-six elementary- and vocational-school students (9-15 yo) participated in individual task-based clinical interviews. Data gathered included action-logging, eye-tracking, and videography. Analyses revealed the emergence of stable eye-path gaze patterns contemporaneous with first enactments of effective manipulation and prior to verbal articulations of manipulation strategies. Characteristic gaze patterns included consistent or recurring attention to screen locations that bore non-salient stimuli or no stimuli at all yet bore invariant geometric relations to dynamical salient features. Arguably, this research validates empirically hypothetical constructs from constructivism, particularly reflective abstraction.

scholarly journals Are content effects out of sight? An eye-tracking study of arithmetic problem solving

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hippolyte Gros ◽  
Emmanuel Sander ◽  
Jean- Pierre Thibaut
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Word Problem ◽  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
Arithmetic Problem ◽  
Assessment Task ◽  
Validity Assessment ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Arithmetic Word Problem

General, non-mathematical knowledge about the entities described in an arithmetic word problem may interfere with its encoding. We used behavioral and eye-tracking measures to investigate how the use of specific quantities may foster a cardinal representation of the numbers mentioned in a problem, whereas other quantities may favor an ordinal representation instead. We asked 50 pre-service teachers to complete a solution validity assessment task. We compared participants’ gaze patterns on isomorphic problems to gather insights into their encoded representations. On problems featuring cardinal quantities, we found that specific sentences describing elements relevant in a cardinal understanding of the problems but irrelevant otherwise were looked at longer and were the focus of a higher number of backward eye movements. Additionally, an increase in pupil dilation on correctly solved cardinal problems supported the idea that participants need to engage in a recoding process when facing semantic incongruence.

scholarly journals Assessing expertise using eye tracking in a Virtual Reality flight simulation

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Tom Arthur ◽  
Toby de Burgh ◽  
Mike Duxbury ◽  
Ross Lockett-Kirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real World ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Scaling Analyses

Objective: The aim of this work was to examine the fidelity and validity of an aviation simulation using eye tracking. Background: Commercial head-mounted virtual reality (VR) systems offer a convenient and cost-effective alternative to existing aviation simulation (e.g., for refresher exercises). We performed pre-implementation testing of a novel aviation simulation, designed for head-mounted VR, to determine its fidelity and validity as a training device. Method: Eighteen airline pilots, with varying levels of flight experience, completed a sequence of training ‘flows’. Self-reported measures of presence and workload and users’ perceptions of fidelity were taken. Pilots’ eye movements and performance were recorded to determine whether more experienced pilots showed distinct performance and eye gaze profiles in the simulation, as they would in the real-world. Results: Real-world expertise correlated with eye gaze patterns characterised by fewer, but longer, fixations and a scan path that was more structured and less random. Multidimensional scaling analyses also indicated differential clustering of strategies in more versus less experienced pilots. Subjective ratings of performance, however, showed little relationship with real-world expertise or eye movements. Conclusion: We adopted an evidence-based approach to assessing the fidelity and validity of a VR flight training tool. Pilot reports indicated the simulation was realistic and potentially useful for training, while direct measurement of eye movements was useful for establishing construct validity and psychological fidelity of the simulation.

scholarly journals Automated Filtering of Eye Movements Using Dynamic AOI in Multiple Granularity Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Gavindya Jayawardena ◽  
Sampath Jayarathna
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Bounding Boxes ◽  
Multiple Granularity ◽  
Instance Segmentation ◽  
Segmentation Models

Eye-tracking experiments involve areas of interest (AOIs) for the analysis of eye gaze data. While there are tools to delineate AOIs to extract eye movement data, they may require users to manually draw boundaries of AOIs on eye tracking stimuli or use markers to define AOIs. This paper introduces two novel techniques to dynamically filter eye movement data from AOIs for the analysis of eye metrics from multiple levels of granularity. The authors incorporate pre-trained object detectors and object instance segmentation models for offline detection of dynamic AOIs in video streams. This research presents the implementation and evaluation of object detectors and object instance segmentation models to find the best model to be integrated in a real-time eye movement analysis pipeline. The authors filter gaze data that falls within the polygonal boundaries of detected dynamic AOIs and apply object detector to find bounding-boxes in a public dataset. The results indicate that the dynamic AOIs generated by object detectors capture 60% of eye movements & object instance segmentation models capture 30% of eye movements.

Attention-Aware Robotic Laparoscope Based on Fuzzy Interpretation of Eye-Gaze Patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Songpo Li ◽  
Xiaoli Zhang ◽  
Fernando J. Kim ◽  
Rodrigo Donalisio da Silva ◽  
Diedra Gustafson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Modern Medical Practice

Laparoscopic robots have been widely adopted in modern medical practice. However, explicitly interacting with these robots may increase the physical and cognitive load on the surgeon. An attention-aware robotic laparoscope system has been developed to free the surgeon from the technical limitations of visualization through the laparoscope. This system can implicitly recognize the surgeon's visual attention by interpreting the surgeon's natural eye movements using fuzzy logic and then automatically steer the laparoscope to focus on that viewing target. Experimental results show that this system can make the surgeon–robot interaction more effective, intuitive, and has the potential to make the execution of the surgery smoother and faster.

Eye-Tracking Technology

2017 ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Chandni Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Red Flags ◽  
High Risk Infants ◽  
Behavioral Markers ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Insight Into

Eye movements and gaze direction have been utilized to make inferences about perception and cognition since the 1800s. The driving factor behind recording overt eye movements stem from the fundamental idea that one's gaze provides tremendous insight into the information processing that takes place early on during development. One of the key deficits seen in individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involves eye gaze and social attention processing. The current chapter focuses on the use of eye-tracking technology with high-risk infants who are siblings of children diagnosed with ASD in order to highlight potential bio-behavioral markers that can inform the ascertainment of red flags and atypical behaviors associated with ASD within the first few years of development.

The Mechanism of Relaxation by Viewing a Japanese Garden: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Seiko Goto ◽  
Yuki Morota ◽  
Congcong Liu ◽  
Minkai Sun ◽  
Bertram Emil Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Japanese Garden

Aim: To explore people’s visual attention and psychological and physiological responses to viewing a Japanese garden (an asymmetrically designed garden) and an herb garden (a symmetrically designed garden). Background: There are few studies of eye movements when observing different style gardens, and how they are connected to the interpretation of the space, and physiological and psychological responses. Method: Thirty subjects were recruited and their physiological and psychological responses to viewing the garden types were assessed using a heart-rate monitor and questionnaire. Eye movements while viewing projected slide images of the gardens were tracking using an eye-tracking monitor. Results: A significant decrease in heart rate was observed when subjects were viewing the Japanese garden as opposed to viewing the herb garden. Mood was significantly improved in both gardens, but eye-gaze patterns differed. The Japanese garden elicited far more comments about expectations for the coming season; unlike the herb garden, it also induced memories of viewing other landscapes. Conclusion: The physiological and psychological responses to viewing gardens differs based on the quality of landscape design and the prior experience of viewers.

Eye Movements While Reading Degraded On-Product Warnings

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 1388-1392
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Dorris ◽  
R. Brian Valimont ◽  
Eric J. Boelhouwer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Total Fixation

This investigation tested whether heavily degraded warnings affected gaze patterns and resulted in longer viewing times than lightly degraded warnings. The study included sixteen participants who viewed six matched pairs of lightly and heavily degraded warnings. Eye movements were recorded using an eye tracking system while the total time on task for each warning was collected. Fixation times were also collected as participants viewed the various panels of each warning. In the second part of the experiment, legibility and participant comprehension of each warning was tested. Paired t-tests showed that total time on task, total fixation time, and message panel fixation time were consistently significantly different for three of the six pairs of warnings, such that each of the three aforementioned times increased significantly when participants were viewing a highly degraded warning label. Additionally, participants were able to comprehend all warnings presented. This study also provides evidence that eye tracking can be a useful tool in warnings research.

The Impact of Breast Symmetry on Eye Movement and Gaze Pattern: An Eye-Tracking Investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Moellhoff ◽  
Chiara Kandelhardt ◽  
Denis Ehrl ◽  
Lukas Kohler ◽  
Konstantin Koban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Breast Size ◽  
Breast Asymmetry ◽  
Aesthetic Appeal ◽  
Breast Symmetry ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The objective assessment of beauty is challenging and subject to current research efforts. Recently, a new means of objectively determining the aesthetic appeal of body features has been investigated by analyzing gaze patterns and eye movements. Objectives The objective of this study was to assess differences in observers’ gaze patterns presented with standardized 3-dimensional images with different degrees of breast asymmetry using objective eye-tracking technology. Methods A total of 83 Caucasian study participants with a mean age of 38.60 (19.8) years were presented with 5 images depicting varying degrees of breast symmetry. In addition to the assessment of eye movements, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appeal and the asymmetry of the breasts on a 5-point Likert scale. Results Overall, the data show that participants rating of the breasts’ aesthetic appeal was inversely related to the level of asymmetry. Time until fixation was shortest for the image depicting the greatest breast asymmetry (50 cc) with 0.77 (0.7), p <0.001. In addition, the mammary region was also viewed longest in this image with 3.76 (0.5) seconds, p < 0.001. A volume difference of 35 cc between breasts deflected the observers’ gaze significantly toward the larger of the asymmetrical breasts, p<0.001. Conclusions Surgeons should focus on symmetrical breast volume (ie, differences < 35 cc between breasts) to avoid noticeable asymmetry with regard to breast size.

How to Build a Low-Cost Eye-Tracking System

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Davin Pavlas ◽  
Heather Lum ◽  
Eduardo Salas
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye tracking, previously the purview of well-funded laboratories, is now available to any individual who wishes to study gaze patterns. Advances in eye-tracking technology have made it possible for those with meager budgets but an abundance of motivation to engage in studies that examine participants’ eye movements and fixations. This article presents a how-to guide for creating low-cost eye-tracking solutions and includes discussion of optical hardware, tracking software, and data analysis programs. The wider availability of eye-tracking technology ensures that the broader scientific community has access to techniques that can inform design and enhance research.

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