The Impact of Breast Symmetry on Eye Movement and Gaze Pattern: An Eye-Tracking Investigation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Moellhoff ◽  
Chiara Kandelhardt ◽  
Denis Ehrl ◽  
Lukas Kohler ◽  
Konstantin Koban ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Breast Size ◽  
Breast Asymmetry ◽  
Aesthetic Appeal ◽  
Breast Symmetry ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background The objective assessment of beauty is challenging and subject to current research efforts. Recently, a new means of objectively determining the aesthetic appeal of body features has been investigated by analyzing gaze patterns and eye movements. Objectives The objective of this study was to assess differences in observers’ gaze patterns presented with standardized 3-dimensional images with different degrees of breast asymmetry using objective eye-tracking technology. Methods A total of 83 Caucasian study participants with a mean age of 38.60 (19.8) years were presented with 5 images depicting varying degrees of breast symmetry. In addition to the assessment of eye movements, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appeal and the asymmetry of the breasts on a 5-point Likert scale. Results Overall, the data show that participants rating of the breasts’ aesthetic appeal was inversely related to the level of asymmetry. Time until fixation was shortest for the image depicting the greatest breast asymmetry (50 cc) with 0.77 (0.7), p <0.001. In addition, the mammary region was also viewed longest in this image with 3.76 (0.5) seconds, p < 0.001. A volume difference of 35 cc between breasts deflected the observers’ gaze significantly toward the larger of the asymmetrical breasts, p<0.001. Conclusions Surgeons should focus on symmetrical breast volume (ie, differences < 35 cc between breasts) to avoid noticeable asymmetry with regard to breast size.

Using eye-tracking to quantify the impact of prostate cancer treatments on male libido: A pilot study.

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 231-231
Author(s):  
Charlenn Skead ◽  
Vivian Tsang ◽  
Jaime L Palmer-Hague ◽  
Richard J Wassersug ◽  
Eleni Nasiopoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Breast Size ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Cancer Treatments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tracking Technology

231 Background: Eye-tracking research has demonstrated that heterosexual men with normal testosterone levels attend visually to features of women associated with fertility, notably their breast size and waist to hip ratio. As such, eye-tracking data can serve as an implicit measure of a man’s libido. Many treatments for prostate cancer (PCa)—in particular androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)—depress sexual interest in men, but there is no objective measure of the intensity of this effect. Here we explore whether eye-tracking can be used to quantify the impact of PCa treatments on men’s libido. Methods: We used an IRB-approved deception protocol to explore the validity of eye-tracking technology for assessing the level of sexual interest of PCa patients and normal controls. Three age-matched groups of heterosexual men aged 50 years and older were recruited. They were: PCa patients using ADT, PCa patients not using ADT, and healthy controls. Unaware that their eye movements were being tracked, all were exposed to photographs of female models, either fully clothed (neutral) or minimally clothed (sexy). Number and duration of eye fixations on target areas of the female models’ bodies were recorded. Results: Trends observed in our preliminary data suggest that men on ADT exhibit differential patterns of visual attention to sexual stimuli compared to men in the other two groups. Although confirmation with a larger sample size is required, such shifts in attention may provide an objective measure of the influence of cancer treatments on the libido of PCa patients. Conclusions: Eye-tracking technology may provide a reliable and objective technique for measuring the libido of cancer patients. Such data could help patients be better informed about psychological side effects when making treatment decisions. They could also lead to ways to both study and reduce the impact of PCa treatments on men’s sexual interest.

House of Usher

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evert van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Edgar Allan Poe ◽  
Narrative Structure ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Aesthetic Appeal ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Extended Analysis ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Original Story ◽  
The Impact

Despite being the product of Roger Corman's AIP exploitation studio, House of Usher enjoys a high standing. But while the impact and cult status of Corman's Edgar Allan Poe cycle is often discussed in histories of gothic, horror, and exploitation cinema, no extended analysis and critical discussion has been published to date that explores specifically the aesthetic appeal of House of Usher. This book provides a complete study of the aesthetic appeal of Corman's influential first Poe picture. The book explores the underlying narrative structure borrowed from Poe's original story and shows how closely Richard Matheson's script followed Poe's theory of short fiction. It goes on to explore the formal techniques of allegory and symbolism employed to represent the house as a monster before focusing on Corman's imagery, showing how the use of specific camera angles, lenses, colors, and sound effects create and sustain the simultaneously morbid and beautiful atmosphere of gothic decay. Finally, the book situates horror icon Vincent Price's performance as Roderick Usher in the context of the nineteenth-century Romantic misfit and the postwar countercultural antihero, two closely related cultural identities.

Eye Movements While Reading Degraded On-Product Warnings

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (20) ◽  
pp. 1388-1392
Author(s):  
Nathan T. Dorris ◽  
R. Brian Valimont ◽  
Eric J. Boelhouwer
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Time On Task ◽  
Matched Pairs ◽  
Warning Label ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Total Fixation

This investigation tested whether heavily degraded warnings affected gaze patterns and resulted in longer viewing times than lightly degraded warnings. The study included sixteen participants who viewed six matched pairs of lightly and heavily degraded warnings. Eye movements were recorded using an eye tracking system while the total time on task for each warning was collected. Fixation times were also collected as participants viewed the various panels of each warning. In the second part of the experiment, legibility and participant comprehension of each warning was tested. Paired t-tests showed that total time on task, total fixation time, and message panel fixation time were consistently significantly different for three of the six pairs of warnings, such that each of the three aforementioned times increased significantly when participants were viewing a highly degraded warning label. Additionally, participants were able to comprehend all warnings presented. This study also provides evidence that eye tracking can be a useful tool in warnings research.

scholarly journals Saccade and Fixation Eye Movements During Walking in People With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Lirani-Silva ◽  
Samuel Stuart ◽  
Lucy Parrington ◽  
Kody Campbell ◽  
Laurie King
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mobile Eye Tracking

Background: Clinical and laboratory assessment of people with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) indicate impairments in eye movements. These tests are typically done in a static, seated position. Recently, the use of mobile eye-tracking systems has been proposed to quantify subtle deficits in eye movements and visual sampling during different tasks. However, the impact of mTBI on eye movements during functional tasks such as walking remains unknown.Objective: Evaluate differences in eye-tracking measures collected during gait between healthy controls (HC) and patients in the sub-acute stages of mTBI recovery and to determine if there are associations between eye-tracking measures and gait speed.Methods: Thirty-seven HC participants and 67individuals with mTBI were instructed to walk back and forth over 10-m, at a comfortable self-selected speed. A single 1-min trial was performed. Eye-tracking measures were recorded using a mobile eye-tracking system (head-mounted infra-red Tobbii Pro Glasses 2, 100 Hz, Tobii Technology Inc. VA, United States). Eye-tracking measures included saccadic (frequency, mean and peak velocity, duration and distance) and fixation measurements (frequency and duration). Gait was assessed using six inertial sensors (both feet, sternum, right wrist, lumbar vertebrae and the forehead) and gait velocity was selected as the primary outcome. General linear model was used to compare the groups and association between gait and eye-tracking outcomes were explored using partial correlations.Results: Individuals with mTBI showed significantly reduced saccade frequency (p = 0.016), duration (p = 0.028) and peak velocity (p = 0.032) compared to the HC group. No significant differences between groups were observed for the saccade distance, fixation measures and gait velocity (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between saccade duration and gait velocity only for participants with mTBI (p = 0.025).Conclusion: Findings suggest impaired saccadic eye movement, but not fixations, during walking in individuals with mTBI. These findings have implications in real-world function including return to sport for athletes and return to duty for military service members. Future research should investigate whether or not saccade outcomes are influenced by the time after the trauma and rehabilitation.

scholarly journals The Impact of Mastectomy on Women’s Visual Perception of Breast Aesthetics and Symmetry: A Pilot Eye-Tracking Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 850-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Pietruski ◽  
Bartłomiej Noszczyk ◽  
Adriana M Paskal ◽  
Wiktor Paskal ◽  
Łukasz Paluch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Areola Complex ◽  
Initial Fixation ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Little is known about breast cancer survivors’ perception of breast attractiveness. A better understanding of this subjective concept could contribute to the improvement of patient-reported outcomes after reconstructive surgeries and facilitate the development of new methods for assessing breast reconstruction outcomes. Objectives The aim of this eye-tracking (ET)-based study was to verify whether mastectomy altered women’s visual perception of breast aesthetics and symmetry. Methods A group of 30 women after unilateral mastectomy and 30 healthy controls evaluated the aesthetics and symmetry of various types of female breasts displayed as highly standardized digital images. Gaze patterns of women from the study groups were recorded using an ET system and subjected to a comparative analysis. Results Regardless of the study group, the longest fixation duration and the highest fixation number were found in the nipple-areola complex. This area was also the most common region of the initial fixation. Several significant between-group differences were identified; the gaze patterns of women after mastectomy were generally characterized by longer fixation times for the inframammary fold, lower pole, and upper half of the breast. Conclusions Mastectomy might affect women’s visual perception patterns during the evaluation of breast aesthetics and symmetry. ET data might improve our understanding of breast attractiveness and constitute the basis for a new reliable method for the evaluation of outcomes of reconstructive breast surgeries.

Eye-Tracking Technology in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1022-1034
Author(s):  
Malke Asaad ◽  
Jacob K Dey ◽  
Ahmad Al-Mouakeh ◽  
Mohamad Baraa Manjouna ◽  
Mohammad A Nashed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Reconstructive Surgery ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Plastic And Reconstructive Surgery ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Tracking Technology

Abstract Background The use of eye-tracking technology in plastic surgery has gained popularity over the past decade due to its ability to assess observers’ visual preferences in an objective manner. Objectives The goal of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of eye-tracking studies in plastic and reconstructive surgery, which can aid in the design and conduct of high-quality eye-tracking studies. Methods Through application of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive search of articles published on eye-tracking across several databases was conducted from January 1946 to January 2019. Inclusion criteria included studies evaluating the use of eye-tracking technology in the field of plastic and reconstructive surgery. The resulting publications were screened by 2 independent reviewers. Results A total of 595 articles were identified, 23 of which met our inclusion criteria. The most common application of eye-tracking was to assess individuals with cleft lip/palate (9 studies). All 19 studies that evaluated fixation patterns among conditions vs controls reported significant differences between the 2 groups. Five out of 7 studies assessing visual data between preoperative and postoperative patients identified significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative groups, whereas 2 studies did not. Nine studies examined the relation between severity indices, attractiveness scores, or personality ratings and gaze patterns. Correlation was found in 7 out of the 9 studies. Conclusions This systematic review demonstrates the utility of eye-tracking technology as a quantifiable objective assessment and emerging research tool for evaluating outcomes in several domains of plastic and reconstructive surgery.

How to Build a Low-Cost Eye-Tracking System

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Davin Pavlas ◽  
Heather Lum ◽  
Eduardo Salas
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Tracking Technology

Eye tracking, previously the purview of well-funded laboratories, is now available to any individual who wishes to study gaze patterns. Advances in eye-tracking technology have made it possible for those with meager budgets but an abundance of motivation to engage in studies that examine participants’ eye movements and fixations. This article presents a how-to guide for creating low-cost eye-tracking solutions and includes discussion of optical hardware, tracking software, and data analysis programs. The wider availability of eye-tracking technology ensures that the broader scientific community has access to techniques that can inform design and enhance research.

scholarly journals College of American Pathologists Cancer Protocols: Optimizing Format for Accuracy and Efficiency

2016 ◽  
Vol 140 (6) ◽  
pp. 578-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leah B. Strickland-Marmol ◽  
Carlos A. Muro-Cacho ◽  
Scott D. Barnett ◽  
Matthew R. Banas ◽  
Philip R. Foulis
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Fallopian Tube ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Human Factors Engineering ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Aesthetic Appeal ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Difficulty Index ◽  
The Impact

The data in College of American Pathologists cancer protocols have to be presented effectively to health care providers. There is no consensus on the format of those protocols, resulting in various designs among pathologists. Cancer protocols are independently created by site-specific experts, so there is inconsistent wording and repetition of data. This lack of standardization can be confusing and may lead to interpretation errors.Context.— To define a synopsis format that is effective in delivering essential pathologic information and to evaluate the aesthetic appeal and the impact of varying format styles on the speed and accuracy of data extraction.Objective.— We queried individuals from several health care backgrounds using varying formats of the fallopian tube protocol of the College of American Pathologists without content modification to investigate their aesthetic appeal, accuracy, efficiency, and readability/complexity. Descriptive statistics, an item difficulty index, and 3 tests of readability were used.Design.— Columned formats were aesthetically more appealing than justified formats (P < .001) and were associated with greater accuracy and efficiency. Incorrect assumptions were made about items not included in the protocol. Uniform wording and short sentences were associated with better performance by participants.Results.— Based on these data, we propose standardized protocol formats for cancer resections of the fallopian tube and the more-familiar colon, employing headers, short phrases, and uniform terminology. This template can be easily and minimally modified for other sites, standardizing format and verbiage and increasing user accuracy and efficiency. Principles of human factors engineering should be considered in the display of patient data.Conclusions.—

scholarly journals Eye gaze patterns reflect how young fraction learners approach numerical comparisons

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Alison T. Miller Singley ◽  
Jeffrey Lynn Crawford ◽  
Silvia A. Bunge
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Fraction Comparison

Learning fractions is notoriously difficult, yet critically important to mathematical and general academic achievement. Eye-tracking studies are beginning to characterize the strategies that adults use when comparing fractions, but we know relatively little about the strategies used by children. We used eye-tracking to analyze how novice children and mathematically-proficient adults approached a well-studied fraction comparison paradigm. Specifically, eye-tracking can provide insights into the nature of differences: whether they are quantitative—reflecting differences in efficiency—or qualitative—reflecting a fundamentally different approach. We found that children who had acquired the basic fraction rules made more eye movements than did either adults or less proficient children, suggesting a thorough but inefficient problem solving approach. Additionally, correct responses were associated with normative gaze patterns, regardless of age or proficiency levels. However, children paid more attention to irrelevant numerical relationships on conditions that were conceptually difficult. An exploratory analysis points to the possibility that children on the verge of making a conceptual leap attend to the relevant relationships even when they respond incorrectly. These findings indicate the potential of eye-tracking methodology to better characterize the behavior associated with different levels of fraction proficiency, as well as to provide insights for educators regarding how to best support novices at different levels of conceptual development.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document