The Mechanism of Relaxation by Viewing a Japanese Garden: A Pilot Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Seiko Goto ◽  
Yuki Morota ◽  
Congcong Liu ◽  
Minkai Sun ◽  
Bertram Emil Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Japanese Garden

Aim: To explore people’s visual attention and psychological and physiological responses to viewing a Japanese garden (an asymmetrically designed garden) and an herb garden (a symmetrically designed garden). Background: There are few studies of eye movements when observing different style gardens, and how they are connected to the interpretation of the space, and physiological and psychological responses. Method: Thirty subjects were recruited and their physiological and psychological responses to viewing the garden types were assessed using a heart-rate monitor and questionnaire. Eye movements while viewing projected slide images of the gardens were tracking using an eye-tracking monitor. Results: A significant decrease in heart rate was observed when subjects were viewing the Japanese garden as opposed to viewing the herb garden. Mood was significantly improved in both gardens, but eye-gaze patterns differed. The Japanese garden elicited far more comments about expectations for the coming season; unlike the herb garden, it also induced memories of viewing other landscapes. Conclusion: The physiological and psychological responses to viewing gardens differs based on the quality of landscape design and the prior experience of viewers.

scholarly journals Viewing garden scenes: Interaction between gaze behavior and physiological responses

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Congcong Liu ◽  
Karl Herrup ◽  
Seiko Goto ◽  
Bertram Shi
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Physiological Indicators ◽  
Spatial Entropy ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Transition Entropy

Previous research has shown that exposure to Japanese gardens reduces physiological measures of stress, e.g. heart rate, in both healthy subjects and dementia patients. However, the correlation between subjects’ physiological responses and their visual behavior while viewing the garden has not yet been investigated. To address this, we developed a system to collect simultaneous measurements of eye gaze and three physiological indicators of autonomic nervous system activity: electrocardiogram, blood volume pulse, and galvanic skin response. We recorded healthy subjects’ physiological/behavioral responses when they viewed two environments (an empty courtyard and a Japanese garden) in two ways (directly or as a projected 2D photograph). Similar to past work, we found that differences in subject’s physiological responses to the two environments when viewed directly, but not as a photograph. We also found differences in their behavioral responses. We quantified subject’s behavioral responses using several gaze metrics commonly considered to be measures of engagement of focus: average fixation duration, saccade amplitude, spatial entropy and gaze transition entropy. We found decrease in gaze transition entropy, the only metric that accounts for both the spatial and temporal properties of gaze, to have a weak positive correlation with decrease in heart rate. This suggests a relationship between engagement/focus and relaxation. Finally, we found gender differences: females’ gaze patterns were more spatially distributed and had higher transition entropy than males.

Attention-Aware Robotic Laparoscope Based on Fuzzy Interpretation of Eye-Gaze Patterns

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Songpo Li ◽  
Xiaoli Zhang ◽  
Fernando J. Kim ◽  
Rodrigo Donalisio da Silva ◽  
Diedra Gustafson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Robot Interaction ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Modern Medical Practice

Laparoscopic robots have been widely adopted in modern medical practice. However, explicitly interacting with these robots may increase the physical and cognitive load on the surgeon. An attention-aware robotic laparoscope system has been developed to free the surgeon from the technical limitations of visualization through the laparoscope. This system can implicitly recognize the surgeon's visual attention by interpreting the surgeon's natural eye movements using fuzzy logic and then automatically steer the laparoscope to focus on that viewing target. Experimental results show that this system can make the surgeon–robot interaction more effective, intuitive, and has the potential to make the execution of the surgery smoother and faster.

Self-Reported Psychological States and Physiological Responses to Different Types of Motivational General Imagery

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cumming ◽  
Tom Olphin ◽  
Michelle Law
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Psychological States ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Imagery Scripts ◽  
And Coping

The aim of the present study was to examine self-reported psychological states and physiological responses (heart rate) experienced during different motivational general imagery scenarios. Forty competitive athletes wore a standard heart rate monitor and imaged five scripts (mastery, coping, anxiety, psyching up, and relaxation). Following each script, they reported their state anxiety and self-confidence. A significant increase in heart rate from baseline to imagery was found for the anxiety, psyching-up, and coping imagery scripts. Furthermore, the intensity of cognitive and somatic anxiety was greater and perceived as being more debilitative following the anxiety imagery script. The findings support Lang’s (1977, 1979) proposal that images containing response propositions will produce a physiological response (i.e., increase heart rate). Moreover, coping imagery enabled the athletes to simultaneously experience elevated levels of anxiety intensity and thoughts and feelings they perceived as helpful.

scholarly journals Some possible factors affecting horse welfare assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdaléna Fejsáková ◽  
Jana Kottferová ◽  
Zuzana Dankulincová ◽  
Eva Haladová ◽  
Raquel Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Horse Breed ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Movement Intensity

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of various stimuli that confound interpretation of assessed indicators of horse welfare during rest and working period by the use of non-invasive methods of sampling. In total, 40 horses of different breeds and used for different purposes in Slovakia were used. The following indicators were tested: concentration of cortisol in saliva and 11,17-dioxoandrostanes in faeces measured by Elisa methods, heart rate and heart rate variability recording with the Polar Heart Rate Monitor and presence of stereotypical behaviour assessed with a horse questionnaire survey. The evaluated physiological responses were mostly affected by the type of work undertaken, especially horse movement intensity (P < 0.001) and horse equipment used during the working period (P < 0.01). Horses that showed stereotypical behaviour were less stressed during rest (P < 0.05) compared to horses without stereotypical behaviour. Horse breed, age, sex and stabling conditions affected only some of the heart rate indicators. The type of riding style had no fundamental influence on evaluated indicators. These observations highlight the difficulties in determining the welfare status in horses, since measurements can be affected by many factors that need to be investigated for achieving relevant outcomes. This is the first study in Slovakia focusing on the evaluation of horse welfare by non-invasive sampling.

RR interval signal quality of a heart rate monitor and an ECG Holter at rest and during exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (7) ◽  
pp. 1525-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahel Gilgen-Ammann ◽  
Theresa Schweizer ◽  
Thomas Wyss
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Signal Quality ◽  
Heart Rate Monitor ◽  
Rr Interval

scholarly journals Variations in Physiological and Psychological Responses of Orthopaedic Surgeons and Clinical Fellows during Hip and Knee Arthroplasties

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Goris Nazari ◽  
James Howard ◽  
Brent Lanting
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Psychological Responses ◽  
Stress Tests ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgeons ◽  
Rate Maximum ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Stress Patterns

Background: Both physical and mental stress is present within the practice of healthcare professionals, which in turn negatively affects the quality of the services provided to the population and therefore, leading to mental exhaustion of the individuals involved. Purpose: To track physiological and psychological responses to common hip and knee surgeries, and during clinic days, in a group of orthopaedic surgeons and their clinical fellows (trainees), and to compare the physiological and psychological results with baseline physiological stress tests. Methods: Heart Rate (HR), Breathing Rate (BR), and self-reported anxiety were recorded in 3 fellowship trained orthopaedic surgeons and 5 clinical fellows using a wearable Equivital EQO2 physiological monitor and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Data was recorded for days in surgery as well as clinic for 6-8 hours/day. This data was compared to baseline physiological stress tests. Results: Mean HR and percentage of heart rate maximum (%HR-max) were not significantly different between staff and fellows throughout the surgery days regardless of the role occupied during both primary Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) and Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA). For Heart rate variability (HRV), there was no difference noted between staff and fellows at any moment around and during THA, however, fellows had significantly higher variability during TKA and maintained this increased variability in the postoperative period. In THA, staff failed to show any statistical difference between the HRV in the cases they were assuming the role of primary surgeon compared to the cases they were assisting and the clinic days. On the contrary, fellows showed significantly higher HRV when they were assisting during THA compared to when they were assuming the primary surgeon role or during their clinic days. Conclusion: Different stress patterns were noted in clinical fellows compared to the staff, especially showing a higher overall HRV during TKA.

scholarly journals Social anxiety is associated with alterations in heart rate but not gaze in a real social interaction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Rösler ◽  
Stefan Göhring ◽  
Michael Strunz ◽  
Matthias Gamer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Phone Call ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Entire Experiment

Much of our current understanding of social anxiety rests on the use of simplistic stimulation material in laboratory settings. Latest technological developments now allow the investigation of eye movements and physiological measures during real interactions with adequate recording quality. Considering the wealth of conflicting findings on gaze behavior in social anxiety, the current study aimed at unraveling the mechanisms contributing to differential gaze patterns in a naturalistic setting in the general population and in social anxiety. We introduced participants with differing social anxiety symptoms to a waiting room situation while recording heart rate and electrodermal activity using mobile sensors and eye movements using mobile eye-tracking glasses. We observed fewer fixations on the head of the confederate in the initial waiting phase of the experiment. These head fixations increased when the confederate was involved in a phone call and head fixations were most pronounced during the actual conversation. In opposition to gaze-avoidance models of social anxiety, we did not observe any correlations between social anxiety and visual attention. Social anxiety was, however, associated with elevated heart rate throughout the entire experiment suggesting that physiological hyperactivity constitutes a cardinal feature of the disorder.

scholarly journals Eye gaze patterns reflect how young fraction learners approach numerical comparisons

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-107
Author(s):  
Alison T. Miller Singley ◽  
Jeffrey Lynn Crawford ◽  
Silvia A. Bunge
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Fraction Comparison

Learning fractions is notoriously difficult, yet critically important to mathematical and general academic achievement. Eye-tracking studies are beginning to characterize the strategies that adults use when comparing fractions, but we know relatively little about the strategies used by children. We used eye-tracking to analyze how novice children and mathematically-proficient adults approached a well-studied fraction comparison paradigm. Specifically, eye-tracking can provide insights into the nature of differences: whether they are quantitative—reflecting differences in efficiency—or qualitative—reflecting a fundamentally different approach. We found that children who had acquired the basic fraction rules made more eye movements than did either adults or less proficient children, suggesting a thorough but inefficient problem solving approach. Additionally, correct responses were associated with normative gaze patterns, regardless of age or proficiency levels. However, children paid more attention to irrelevant numerical relationships on conditions that were conceptually difficult. An exploratory analysis points to the possibility that children on the verge of making a conceptual leap attend to the relevant relationships even when they respond incorrectly. These findings indicate the potential of eye-tracking methodology to better characterize the behavior associated with different levels of fraction proficiency, as well as to provide insights for educators regarding how to best support novices at different levels of conceptual development.

scholarly journals Assessing expertise using eye tracking in a Virtual Reality flight simulation

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Tom Arthur ◽  
Toby de Burgh ◽  
Mike Duxbury ◽  
Ross Lockett-Kirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real World ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Gaze Patterns ◽  
Scaling Analyses

Objective: The aim of this work was to examine the fidelity and validity of an aviation simulation using eye tracking. Background: Commercial head-mounted virtual reality (VR) systems offer a convenient and cost-effective alternative to existing aviation simulation (e.g., for refresher exercises). We performed pre-implementation testing of a novel aviation simulation, designed for head-mounted VR, to determine its fidelity and validity as a training device. Method: Eighteen airline pilots, with varying levels of flight experience, completed a sequence of training ‘flows’. Self-reported measures of presence and workload and users’ perceptions of fidelity were taken. Pilots’ eye movements and performance were recorded to determine whether more experienced pilots showed distinct performance and eye gaze profiles in the simulation, as they would in the real-world. Results: Real-world expertise correlated with eye gaze patterns characterised by fewer, but longer, fixations and a scan path that was more structured and less random. Multidimensional scaling analyses also indicated differential clustering of strategies in more versus less experienced pilots. Subjective ratings of performance, however, showed little relationship with real-world expertise or eye movements. Conclusion: We adopted an evidence-based approach to assessing the fidelity and validity of a VR flight training tool. Pilot reports indicated the simulation was realistic and potentially useful for training, while direct measurement of eye movements was useful for establishing construct validity and psychological fidelity of the simulation.

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