scholarly journals Modeling the Influences of Social Mobility Net of Origin and Destination Based on the Front-Door Criterion: A Simulation Study

Methodology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-126
Author(s):  
Anning Hu
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Diamond Model ◽  
Independent Mechanism ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
Intermediate Variables

The consequences of social mobility have been a persistent theme on the research agenda of social scientists, but the estimation of the net mobility effect controlling for both social origin and destination confronts with the identification problem. This research 1) highlights the mechanical identification approaches deployed by the conventional methods—the square additive model, the diamond model, and the diagonal reference model; 2) draws on the directional acyclic graphs to present an identification framework that is based on the intermediate variables; and 3) elaborates the specific identification strategies in typical research scenarios: independent mechanism, joint mechanism, partial mechanism, and intermediate confounded mechanism. The results of the Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the mechanism-based identification approach helps to obtain an unbiased estimate of the net mobility effect.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Model-Building for Research on Subjective Well-Being: Gaining Clarity on Control Variables

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bartram
Keyword(s):  
Model Building ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Acyclic Graphs ◽  
Standard Set ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Parsimonious Model

AbstractHappiness/well-being researchers who use quantitative analysis often do not give persuasive reasons why particular variables should be included as controls in their cross-sectional models. One commonly sees notions of a “standard set” of controls, or the “usual suspects”, etc. These notions are not coherent and can lead to results that are significantly biased with respect to a genuine causal relationship.This article presents some core principles for making more effective decisions of that sort.  The contribution is to introduce a framework (the “causal revolution”, e.g. Pearl and Mackenzie 2018) unfamiliar to many social scientists (though well established in epidemiology) and to show how it can be put into practice for empirical analysis of causal questions.  In simplified form, the core principles are: control for confounding variables, and do not control for intervening variables or colliders.  A more comprehensive approach uses directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) to discern models that meet a minimum/efficient criterion for identification of causal effects.The article demonstrates this mode of analysis via a stylized investigation of the effect of unemployment on happiness.  Most researchers would include other determinants of happiness as controls for this purpose.  One such determinant is income—but income is an intervening variable in the path from unemployment to happiness, and including it leads to substantial bias.  Other commonly-used variables are simply unnecessary, e.g. religiosity and sex.  From this perspective, identifying the effect of unemployment on happiness requires controlling only for age and education; a small (parsimonious) model is evidently preferable to a more complex one in this instance.

Collective Animal Behaviour Based Optimization Algorithm for IIR System Identification Problem

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
P. Upadhyay ◽  
R. Kar ◽  
D. Mandal ◽  
S. P. Ghoshal
Keyword(s):  
System Identification ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Infinite Impulse Response ◽  
Present System ◽  
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
Collective Animal Behaviour

In this paper a novel optimization technique which is developed on mimicking the collective animal behaviour (CAB) is applied to the infinite impulse response (IIR) system identification problem. Functionality of CAB is governed by occupying the best position of an animal according to its dominance in the group. Enrichment of CAB with the features of randomness, stochastic and heuristic search nature has made the algorithm a suitable tool for finding the global optimal solution. The proposed CAB has alleviated from the defects of premature convergence and stagnation, shown by real coded genetic algorithm (RGA), particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE) in the present system identification problem. The simulation results obtained for some well known benchmark examples justify the efficacy of the proposed system identification approach using CAB over RGA, PSO and DE in terms of convergence speed, unknown plant coefficients and mean square error (MSE) values produced for IIR system models of both the same order and reduced order.

scholarly journals Concept Mapping in Social Research

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharat Pokharel
Keyword(s):  
Concept Mapping ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Theory Testing ◽  
Process Theory ◽  
Theory Construction ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Scientific Observation

Social scientists conduct research on two distinct but interrelated levels:conceptual-theoretical and observational-empirical. More precisely, social researches involve a constant interplay of two process: theory construction and theory testing. For example, it is a fact that in the last 100 years social mobility has increased. This fact in not merely based on random observation, but is an empirically verified statement about phenomena. This involves both a scientific observation and a predetermined conceptual-theoretical framework by which the observation is guided. In this article, the conceptual theoretical level of social research has been explained with the help of the basic elements such as concept and concept mapping.Key Words: Mapping; Social; ResearchTribhuvan University Journal Vol. XXVI, No. 1, 2009 Page: 1-6

scholarly journals A Critique of Sanskritization from Dalit/Caste-Subaltern Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-326
Author(s):  
Ishita Roy
Keyword(s):  
Social Movement ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
South India ◽  
Cultural Integration ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Lower Caste ◽  
Cultural Phenomenon ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
Lower Castes ◽  
Caste Groups

Students and social scientists concerned with caste studies will agree to a socio-cultural phenomenon called Sanskritization among people of caste communities that are not recognized as belonging to castes primarily affiliated to either of the three varnas of Brahman, Kshatriya and Vaishya. What is Sanskritization? Following M. N. Srinivas, who put forward the concept of Sanskritization in Religion and Society among the Coorges of South India (1952) to explain upward social movement (?) among Hindu tribal groups or ‘lower’ caste groups imitating and gradually incorporating ‘upper’ caste people’s social, cultural behaviour, rituals, customs, and religious practices, there exist an array of works deliberating upon this collective behavioural instance called Sanskritization (Beteille, 1969; Gould, 1961; Patwardhan, 1973; Sachchidananda, 1977; Lynch, 1974). These studies have generally accepted Sanskritization as an effective tool for cultural integration between different caste groups by ensuring movements of people across caste barriers; in other words, Sanskritization spells a common idiom of social mobility (Beteille, 1969, p. 116). This paper does not support the view that Sanskritization has been an effective socio-cultural instrument in moving towards a society that does not swear by caste-principles. Rather, Sanskritization, a concrete social fact among the ‘lower’ castes people, seems to obliquely prove the productive logic of caste through the imitation of the Brahmin. Following Gramsci’s conceptualisation of the necessity of a subaltern initiative in any counter-hegemony project, the paper further argues that Sanskritization is regressive to the extent that it is antithetical to any such subaltern political initiative against caste.

Aspects of Social Mobility in China, 1368–1911

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping-Ti Ho
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
The West ◽  
Limited Knowledge ◽  
Vertical Mobility

Social mobility in traditional China, particularly during the last two dynasties, Ming (1368–1644) and Ch'ing (1644–1911), for which ample data are available, deserves systematic study by both Chinese and Western historians and social scientists. It is remarkable to observe that in a meticulously “regulated” society such as traditional China's, there was probably a greater amount of vertical mobility, both upward and downward, than is usually found in pre-modern and modern societies of the West. What makes this more striking is the fact that it occurred in a society which for twenty-five centuries believed in the inequality of men. For this reason alone the question of social mobility in traditional China should be of more than usual interest to theoretical sociologists with a comparative approach to their subject. Owing to the author's limited knowledge of Western sociology and also because of limitations of space, this article deals mainly with China, although brief comparisons with pre-modern and modern Western societies will be attempted at certain points.

Additional Applications and Implications

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Obstfeld
Keyword(s):  
Social Mobility ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Dynamic Capability ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Chain Management ◽  
Ballets Russes ◽  
Entrepreneurship Theory ◽  
The Individual

This chapter applies the BKAP model of action to a number of important theoretical and empirical puzzles that have been confronted by organization theorists in particular and by social scientists more generally. Specifically, the chapter explores the applicability of the BKAP model to central issues in artistic movements with a case study of the Ballets Russes in early twentieth-century France, entrepreneurship theory, and collective action. The chapter then turns to several other issues related to organizing and strategy and the individual and firm level, including dynamic capability, microfoundations of organizing, supply chain management, sensemaking, ambidexterity, transactive memory systems, emotional intelligence, and job crafting. From there the chapter turns to implications for mobilizing action across the analogue-digital divide, and for education, social inequality, and social mobility. The chapter concludes by relating the author’s approach to de Tocqueville’s “science of association.”

Nonlinear Identification Approach of Nonlinear Constitutive Model of Soil Material with Optimization Procedure

2012 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
pp. 686-689
Author(s):  
Li Juan Cao ◽  
Zi Chang Shangguan ◽  
Shou Ju Li
Keyword(s):  
Constitutive Model ◽  
Model Identification ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Parametric Identification ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Nonlinear Constitutive Model ◽  
Parameter Identification Problem ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
Identification Techniques

Model identification of dynamic systems in the vibration engineering field has been followed with interest in recent years. A number of identification techniques on this topic are now available, such as parametric or non-parametric identification methods, time domain or frequency domain estimation approaches, etc. The identification approach of nonlinear constitutive model from input-output measurements is proposed. The inverse problem of material characterization is formulated as parameter identification problem that is solved by using optimization procedure. A set of parameters corresponding to the material property can be determined by minimizing objective function which accounts for experimental data and calculated responses of the mechanical model. The performances of the proposed identification approach were evaluated with simulating data. The effectiveness of identification approach is validated by numerical simulation. The investigation results show that the proposed identification algorithm poses good robustness and high identification precision.

scholarly journals A Novel Identification Approach for Classic Controller Design Applied on Flyback Converter

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Abbas Ghayebloo ◽  
Mohsen Ghaleghovand ◽  
Abolfazl Jalilvand
Keyword(s):  
Controller Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Current Mode ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Flyback Converter ◽  
Linearization Methods ◽  
Current Controller ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
And Performance

In this paper, a new controller design approach for DC-DC flyback converter has been proposed and compared with classic controller design approach. The proposed controller design method has been innovated from the identification LS method that previously applied on parameter identification. The proposed method exchanges the controller design problem to the identification problem. The proposed approach has two considerable superiority compared with common methods. It can design a controller with the desired structure and desired performance. Regard to these advantages, it can be notated that the proposed approach is well suited for SMPS application where benefits from analog controllers for the decreased total cost. For controller design purposes, the large and small-signal models of the flyback converter, using well-known state-space averaging and linearization methods have been extracted and controllers with classic and proposed approaches have been designed. Also, it proved that the conventional peak current controller used in commercial current-mode analog controllers is equivalent to a proportional average controller. One practical flyback converter has designed and implemented in continuous mode with two controllers and some experimental and simulation results have been provided for verification of the proposed method. The simulation and experimental results show that the proposed design approach can provide a controller with the desired structure and performance.

scholarly journals An Improved Method for Stochastic Nonlinear System’s Identification Using Fuzzy-Type Output-Error Autoregressive Hammerstein–Wiener Model Based on Gradient Algorithm, Multi-Innovation, and Data Filtering Techniques

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Donia Ben Halima Abid ◽  
Saif Eddine Abouda ◽  
Hanane Medhaffar ◽  
Mohamed Chtourou
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Systems ◽  
Parametric Estimation ◽  
Gradient Algorithm ◽  
Data Filtering ◽  
Estimation Algorithms ◽  
Output Error ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Identification Approach ◽  
Identification Techniques ◽  
Intermediate Variables

This paper proposes an innovative identification approach of nonlinear stochastic systems using Hammerstein–Wiener (HW) model with output-error autoregressive (OEA) noise. Two fuzzy systems are suggested for the identification of the input and output nonlinear blocks of a proposed model from given input-output data measurements. In this work, the need for the commonly used assumptions including well-known structure of input and/or output nonlinearities and/or reversible nonlinear output is eliminated by replacing the intermediate variables and noise with their estimates. Four parametric estimation algorithms to identify the proposed fuzzy-type stochastic output-error autoregressive HW (FSOEAHW) model are derived based on backpropagation algorithm and multi-innovation and data filtering identification techniques. The proposed algorithms are improved backpropagation gradient (IBPG) algorithm, multi-innovation IBPG (MIIBPG) algorithm, a data filtering IBPG (FIBPG) algorithm, and a multi-innovation-based FIBPG (MIFIBPG) algorithm. The convergence of the parameter estimation algorithms is studied. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithms is shown by a given simulation example.

scholarly journals Assessing the Global and Local Uncertainty of Scientific Evidence in the Presence of Model Misspecification

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Taper ◽  
Subhash R. Lele ◽  
José M. Ponciano ◽  
Brian Dennis ◽  
Christopher L. Jerde
Keyword(s):  
Reference Model ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Model Misspecification ◽  
Parametric Bootstrap ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Structural Equations ◽  
Sampling Distribution ◽  
Standard Theory ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Global And Local

Scientists need to compare the support for models based on observed phenomena. The main goal of the evidential paradigm is to quantify the strength of evidence in the data for a reference model relative to an alternative model. This is done via an evidence function, such as ΔSIC, an estimator of the sample size scaled difference of divergences between the generating mechanism and the competing models. To use evidence, either for decision making or as a guide to the accumulation of knowledge, an understanding of the uncertainty in the evidence is needed. This uncertainty is well characterized by the standard statistical theory of estimation. Unfortunately, the standard theory breaks down if the models are misspecified, as is commonly the case in scientific studies. We develop non-parametric bootstrap methodologies for estimating the sampling distribution of the evidence estimator under model misspecification. This sampling distribution allows us to determine how secure we are in our evidential statement. We characterize this uncertainty in the strength of evidence with two different types of confidence intervals, which we term “global” and “local.” We discuss how evidence uncertainty can be used to improve scientific inference and illustrate this with a reanalysis of the model identification problem in a prominent landscape ecology study using structural equations.

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