scholarly journals Organ building in Lithuania in the 19th century

Menotyra ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rimantas Gučas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Organ Building ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Vilnius University ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The 19Th Century

For Lithuania, the 19th century was marked by the symbol of the Russian Empire – Lithuania became a province of a foreign empire. Farming suffered a severe general downturn. As the Church’s powers began to be restricted, there was almost no opportunity for new significant instruments to emerge. The monasteries, which until then had been the initiators of the best organ building, were closed. Eastern Catholic (Unitarian) churches, which also had organs in Lithuania, became part of the Russian Orthodox Church, and the organs were ordered to be liquidated. The Catholic Church itself, unlike evangelicals, also had little regard for music and especially for organ matters. From the beginning of the 15th century, the development of Lithuanian organ culture was closely associated with Königsberg. Once the import customs were imposed, significant contacts which had taken place almost disappeared. The industrial revolution in Lithuania was delayed, and for half a century small artisan workshops still prevailed. Almost exclusively small, single-manual organs without pedals or positives were built. A large three-manual organ at Vilnius University St John’s Church was rather an exception. It was built by the Tiedemanns. This family, which originated in East Prussia, worked in the Baltic States throughout the first half of the 19th century. Only in the middle of the century did the new European organ building trend, the so-called organ romanticism, reach Lithuania. A particularly important role in this period was played by the experience of organ building of the neighbouring Curonia. Very few impressive examples were created, and in this respect Lithuania is hardly able to compete with the major countries of Central Europe. Lithuania is characterized by the fact that in the 19th century local masters and companies ( J. Rudavičius, M. Masalskis, F. Ostromensky), as well as masters from neighbouring Curonia (Herrmann, Weissenborn) and Poland (Blomberg) worked there. In western Lithuania, then part of Prussia, Terletzki was active. Meanwhile, large factories (Walcker, Rieger) reached Lithuania only in the first half of the twentieth century and only in a few instances. At that time, more work started to be focusing on the construction of two-manual with pedal instruments. At the end of the century, J. Rudavicius built some three-manual organs. His 63-stop organ built in 1896 for a long time was the largest in Lithuania. Although the 19th century Lithuanian organs are relatively modest compared to other countries, they have the value that is only growing in the context of present-day Europe, since the “progressive ideology” of more economically powerful European countries affected the art of organ building and few small romantic instruments are left.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

scholarly journals Crisis phenomena in Central Asian direction development of Russian foreign trade in the Orenburg direction in the 1st quarter of the 19th century

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
Sergey Valentinovich Lyubichankovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper contains analysis of development tendencies of the Russian Empire foreign trade with Central Asian khanates in the first quarter of the 19th century. The authors found that the Russian State didnt pay much attention to the Asian customs policy in this direction for a long time. It was due to the fact that the trade with Central Asian khanates was of exchange and caravan character. The author came to the conclusion that the heads of the Orenburg Region - military and civil governors - made great efforts to change that situation and made special rules for the foreign trade development in the Orenburg Region. It promoted commodity turnover increase. The author proved that in the first quarter of the 19th century the most important element of Central Asian trade development crisis in the Orenburg direction was the fact that merchants from Central Asia dominated Russian merchants in the numerical ratio. However, the ministry of finance and E.F. Kankrin refused to forbid Central Asian merchants to trade at internal Russian fairs as it would result in stagnation in trade and would make prices for goods higher. This problem for the first quarter of the 19th century couldnt be solved as it was connected with the geopolitical status quo existing in the region. It only started to get solutions with an active military advance of Russia to Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals SEMIOTIC MATRIX OF THE 19th CENTURY FACTORY CITY: MANCHESTER, IVANOVO-VOSNESENSK AND LODZ

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Timofeev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Promised Land ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the formation of an industrial urban narrative in the 19th century literature. Changes in the urban environment as a result of the industrial revolution presupposed creation of a new figurative language, which could be used to describe industrial centers. This concerned the portrayal of social changes and their context. The main antithesis of industrial loci is not the patriarchal city, but the natural environment or the countryside, changing as a result of expansion of a growing number of factories and plants. One of the most rapidly developing spheres of capitalist production in the 18th–19th centuries was the textile industry. In the middle of the 19th century, Manchester became a kind of benchmark for textile centers in different European countries. As an example of the depiction of industrial loci, the author considers texts about two “Manchesters” of the Russian Empire — the village of Ivanovo (since 1871, the city of Ivanovo-Voznesensk) and the Polish city of Lodz. In the first case, numerous essays, stories and poems are the basis used to form the local text. In the second case, it is the famous V. Reymont’s novel “The Promised Land”. The semiotic analysis is applied to the urban environment and landscape, the auditory and olfactory characteristics of typical industrial cities.

scholarly journals THE FIRST RUSSIAN RELIGIOUS MISSIONS TO ETHIOPIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Tatyana Denisova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Ethiopian Orthodox ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The aim of the article is to analyze the first attempts to forge a relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. The paper considers religious and political preconditions for the rapprochement of the two empires. It is noted that in Russia since the 14th century, the perception of Ethiopians as exemplary Christians had existed, but Russian-Ethiopian contacts for a long time had remained sporadic. However, by the middle of the 19th century, the Russian Empire had become a major power with enormous foreign policy ambitions: it had also developed its own interests in the Horn of Africa region. In the second half of the 19th century, the interest in Abyssinia, its history and religion on the part of the Russian public, including the academic circles, increased noticeably. In the 1880s, the first religious missions were sent to Ethiopia, and contacts between the two churches were established. The development of relations between the two countries in various spheres was also greatly facilitated by the opening of the Embassy of the Russian Empire in Addis Ababa in 1897.

scholarly journals Zawarcie małżeństwa mieszanego wyznaniowo według prawa małżeńskiego z 1836 roku

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-247
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Fastyn
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
Civil Marriage ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The thesis discusses the signifi cant question of inter-denominational marriages in Poland prior to 1946. Until the end of 1945, the laws in force in Poland were the 19th-century statutes. They had been enacted by the neighbouring countries (Austria, Russia and Prussia) that partitioned the Polish territory in the second half of the 18th century. In the Polish lands enjoying some autonomy in the Russian Empire, the regulation of marriage was based on the religious principles of 1836. Under the 1836 statute, there could be no civil marriage that would not produce a confessional effect. Consequently, the regulation of marriage had to combine confessional and civil effects into single norms and the legislative authorities had to provide for mechanisms correlating such effects. This applied to both the conclusion and dissolution of marriage. In these matters, the Roman Catholic Church adopted an uncompromising stance following from its belief in the special theological character of the sacrament of marriage.

scholarly journals MUSEUM PUBLICATIONS OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY IN THE RESEARCH OF NATIVE SCIENTISTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Nataliia Cherhik
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The South ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents publications of the late 19th – early20th centuries, in which museum materials of Ukrainian originare studied and published. This refers to museum catalogs,albums and reports. The purpose of this article is to trace thedynamics of the use of these publications in scientific researchof colleagues during the late 19th – early 21th centuries. Theproposed analysis proved the fact that museographicpublications have acted an important role in scientificresearch for a long time, starting from the moment they werepublished until the present time. It was also found that as ahistorical source, museography was emphasized in threedirections: the basis for conclusions about historical facts; thefoundation for the protection of objects of history and museumresearch; and for museum attribution work. The context of theuse of museum publications has changed. In the 19th century,they were used to show the development of museums in thesouth of the Russian Empire. In the Soviet period, "prerevolutionary" museum publications were perceived as tracesof "bourgeois science." Modern researchers consider museumcatalogs, albums, reports of the late 19th – early 20th centuries as one of the aspects of themanifestation of the process of national revival in Ukraine at the frontier of the century. It was alsonoted that at the end of the 19th and throughout the 20th century, publications of archaeologicalcollections were more popular, especially materials found in the south of Ukraine. In the 21st century,the attention of researchers was attracted by materials from the period of the Cossacks. In general,there was a stable interest in Ukrainian museum publications of the late 19th – early 20th centuries.

scholarly journals Organs and Organ Music in Slovene Cultural History until the Cecilian Movement

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-230
Author(s):  
Katarina Trček
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Organ Music ◽  
Time Line ◽  
Organ Building ◽  
Parish Church ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The doctoral thesis entitled Organs and Organ Music in Slovene Cultural History until the Cecilian Movement explores the history of organ building in Slovenia from the beginning of the first half of the 15th century to the second half of the 19th century, when organs became a mandatory instrument in every parish church. The upper time line of the discussion is set in the year 1877, when the Slovene Cecilian Movement was founded, taking up the leading role in overseeing the planning of church music. The aim of this dissertation is to present the spreading of organ instruments in Slovene history and to evaluate this process from the standpoint of Slovene musical and cultural history.

The Germans and their Jewish Neighbors on the Ukrainian Areas at the Second Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
D. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
South West ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents some of the author’s research results that has got while elaboration of the theme “Everyday life in the mirror of conflicts: Germans and their neighbors on the Southern and South-West periphery of the Russian Empire 1861–1914”. The relationship between Germans and Jews is studied in the context of the growing confrontation in Southern cities that resulted in a wave of pogroms. Sources are information provided by the police and court archival funds. The German colonists Ludwig Koenig and Alexandra Kirchner (the resident of Odessa) were involved into Odessa pogrom (1871), in particular. While Koenig with other rioters was arrested by the police, Kirchner led a crowd of rioters to the shop of her Jewish neighbor, whom she had a conflict with. The second part of the article is devoted to the analyses of unty-Jewish violence causes and history in Ak-Kerman at the second half of the 19th and early years of 20th centuries. Akkerman was one of the southern Bessarabia cities, where multiethnic population, including the Jews, grew rapidly. It was one of the reasons of the pogroms in 1865 and 1905. The author uses criminal cases` papers to analyze the reasons of the Germans participation in the civilian squads that had been organized to protect the population and their property in Ackerman and Shabo in 1905.

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