History of infant milk formula in Slovenia

Abstract Optimal nutrition is one of the most important aspects in the care of infants, especially for the preterm infants and neonates. Until the 1900s, an infant’s survival and health were closly related to the availability of breastmilk. Human milk was and still is the best food for nearly all infants. Besides physical growth, human milk offers a variety of other benefits, including modulation of postnatal intestinal function, maturation of immune system, and has positive effect on brain development. Even though breastfeeding is highly recommended, it may not always be possible, suitable or adequate. Through history, the evolution of infant feeding included wet nursing, bottle feeding, and formula use. Wet nursing was the safest and most common alternative to the breastmilk before bottles and infant milk formula were invented. However, society's negative view of wet nursing together with the invention and improvements of the feeding bottle, the availability of animal’s milk, and advances in milk formula development, gradually led to replacing wet nursing with bottle feeding. Such evolution of infant feeding methods was similar throughout the world and Slovenia followed the trend. In this article, we review the history of different methods of infant feeding, other than breastfeeding, all of which presented an alternative to breastfeeding.

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A systematic review examining the association between female body image and the intention, initiation and duration of post-partum infant feeding methods (breastfeeding vs bottle-feeding)

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105319833744 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 207-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandra Grace Morley-Hewitt ◽

Alison Leah Owen

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Image ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Female Body ◽

Post Partum ◽

Control Design ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Body Concerns ◽

Intention To Breastfeed

A systematic review was conducted to examine female body image in relation to the intention, initiation and duration of post-partum infant feeding methods. A search of 10 databases was conducted to identify studies. A total of nine studies were included in the systematic review. All studies were of a non-randomised control design with a total of 13,046 participants. Findings suggest that exclusive breastfeeding is more likely in pregnant women with a higher body image, while those with body concerns had less intention to breastfeed or initiate, with those who start having a shorter duration.

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Current Trends in Research on Human Milk Exchange for Infant Feeding

Journal of Human Lactation ◽

10.1177/0890334419850820 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 453-477 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Aunchalee E. L. Palmquist ◽

Maryanne T. Perrin ◽

Diana Cassar-Uhl ◽

Karleen D. Gribble ◽

Angela B. Bond ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Future Research ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Policy Statements ◽

Human Milk Banking ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Healthy Growth ◽

Evidence Based Care ◽

Human Milk Sharing

Breastfeeding is critical for the healthy growth and development of infants. A diverse range of infant-feeding methods are used around the world today. Many methods involve feeding infants with expressed human milk obtained through human milk exchange. Human milk exchange includes human milk banking, human milk sharing, and markets in which human milk may be purchased or sold by individuals or commercial entities. In this review, we examine peer-reviewed scholarly literature pertaining to human milk exchange in the social sciences and basic human milk sciences. We also examine current position and policy statements for human milk sharing. Our review highlights areas in need of future research. This review is a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and others who provide evidence-based care to families about infant feeding.

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MISCELLANEOUS REVIEW

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.30.6.1019 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 30 (6) ◽

pp. 1019-1019

Author(s):

DAVID H. CLEMENT

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Low Cost ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Infant Feeding Practices ◽

Running Water ◽

The Cost

Some Practical Considerations of Economy and Efficiency in Infant Feeding. American Journal of Public Health, 52:125-142, 1962. (Reprinted for the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Children's Bureau.) A Joint Committee of the Food and Nutrition Section and the Maternal and Child Health Section of the American Public Health Association has written this useful review. Compressed into its 17 pages is a great deal of pertinent information from man widely scattered sources and of special interest to physicians and nurses engaged in infant feeding practices among families where economy is important. Infant feeding practices have been reviewed with special regard to cost, convenience, and safety. But there are many facts of interest to the private practitioner whose patients may be free of financial worry. Impressive is the statement that in 1957 some 13,500,000 United States children were in families whose total income was less than $3,000 a year. In 1956, one of five dwelling units in small cities or rural areas had no running water inside the structure. The cost of breast feeding in relation to bottle feeding depends upon the cost of the additional nutrients eaten by the mother. With a truly low-cost diet (which impressed this reviewer as so unpalatable as to be unrealistic the cost was calculated at 15ø a day, whereas with a moderate cost diet it was 40ø a day. An evaporated milk formula was estimated at 15ø a day and pasteurized whole milk at 25ø a day. The safety of breast milk was accepted as vastly superior to formulas.

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A novel infant milk formula concept: Mimicking the human milk fat globule structure

Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces ◽

10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.09.024 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 136 ◽

pp. 329-339 ◽

Cited By ~ 93

Author(s):

Sophie Gallier ◽

Karin Vocking ◽

Jan Andries Post ◽

Bert Van De Heijning ◽

Dennis Acton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Infant Milk Formula ◽

Milk Fat Globule ◽

Fat Globule ◽

Human Milk Fat

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A commentary on ‘A systematic review examining the association between body image and infant feeding methods (breastfeeding vs. bottle-feeding)’

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105319869800 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 135910531986980 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Galya Bigman ◽

Nuria Homedes ◽

Anna V Wilkinson

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Body Image ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Selection Bias ◽

Research Question ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Short Summary ◽

Feeding Methods ◽

Recommended Guidelines ◽

Introduce Selection Bias

A systematic review is a valuable and influential research method that aims to identify and synthesize all literature relevant to the research question at hand. A well-conducted systematic review benefits the scientific community by providing a summary of all the existing evidence as well as generating new hypotheses and highlighting gaps in the literature. However, when a systematic review does not adhere to the recommended guidelines, it may introduce selection bias and generate false conclusions. Here, we present a commentary on a systematic review by the scholars Morley-Hewitt and Owen titled ‘ A systematic review examining the association between female body image and the intention, initiation, and duration of postpartum infant feeding methods (breastfeeding vs. bottle-feeding)’ that included nine peer-reviewed articles but missed at least eight other peer-reviewed articles that aligned with their study aim, and therefore introduced selection bias in the review. To complete the missing piece, we provide a short summary of these additional articles and describe how they align with this systematic review.

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Milk lipid composition and structure; The relevance for infant brain development

OCL ◽

10.1051/ocl/2020001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 5 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Lidewij Schipper ◽

Gertjan van Dijk ◽

Eline M. van der Beek

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Brain Development ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Milk Lipid ◽

Lipid Quality ◽

Infant Milk Formula ◽

Infant Brain ◽

Infant Brain Development

The neurocognitive development of infants can be positively associated with breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. Differences in dietary lipid quality between human milk and infant milk formula may contribute to this effect. In this review, we describe some of the known differences between human milk and infant milk formula in lipid quality, including fatty acid composition, complex lipids in the milk fat globule membrane as well as the physical properties of lipids and lipid globules. We describe some of the underlying mechanism by which these aspects of lipid quality are thought to modulate infant brain development such as differences in the supply and/or the bioavailability of lipids, lipid bound components and peripheral organ derived neurodevelopmental signals to the infant brain after ingestion and on longer term.

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Breast milk oligosaccharides: one more step on the path to making infant formulas more like a «gold standard» for infant feeding

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2018-17-30-37 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 30-37

Author(s):

I. N. Zakharova ◽

Yu. A. Dmitrieva ◽

M. V. Yagodkin

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Infant Feeding ◽

Gold Standard ◽

Brain Structures ◽

Sole Source ◽

Food Composition ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Functional Components

Breast milk is the «gold standard» for infant feeding. Its unique properties are due to the balanced macroand micro-nutrient composition and the presence of a whole range of functional components that have a multifaceted impact on the postnatal development of the baby’s organs and tissues. The carbohydrate fraction is currently of great interest to the researchers. Particular attention is paid to the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), which are the third largest component in human milk after fat component and lactose in concentration. The main HMOs are fucosylated molecules – 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) and 3’-fucosyllactose (3’-FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP I, II, III), as well as some neutral and acidic oligosaccharides. The numerous laboratory and clinical studies showed that HMOs are the key nutrients that contribute to the formation of the intestinal microbiota of the infant, provide an anti-infectious and immunological effect, and participate in the postnatal formation of brain structures. If breastfeeding is not possible, the milk formula is likely to be the sole source of oligosaccharides for infants. The introduction of breast milk oligosaccharides into the baby food composition is an important stage in adaptation of such foods and making those more like the “gold standard” of feeding in composition.

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