scholarly journals Turkmenistan and the Middle East

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Michael B. Bishku
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political System ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
Homogenous Population

Turkmenistan is a weak country militarily, but well-­endowed with natural gas reserves. While the latter also insulates it somewhat from international criticism of its human rights abuses, unfortunately, Turkmenistan is landlocked and dependent upon the goodwill of its neighbors in order to export that commodity. Additionally, Turkmenistan is in need of technological assistance. Given its relatively homogenous population and its hydrocarbon wealth it has adopted a policy of subsidizing certain necessities—though it underfunds other—and is fairly stable internally. Nevertheless, it is ruled under an autocratic political system, suffers massive corruption, and has to contend with fears of instability on its borders. Therefore, Turkmenistan has adopted a policy of permanent neutrality and is open to cooperation with all its neighbors as well as the big powers. The countries of the Middle East as both immediate and nearby neighbors play an important part in the international relations of Turkmenistan and in providing technological assistance and economic investments. This article, which reviews and analyzes those ties, utilizes government documents, academic works and newspapers from Turkmenistan and Middle Eastern countries.

scholarly journals Human Rights Abuses in Xinjiang: Perspectives and Responses from the Islamic World and the Middle East

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carson Ezell
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Community Impact ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of

There are significant geographical disparities in activism throughout the world with respect to supporting the Uyghur cause against human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region of China. This paper introduces the history of Chinese rule of the Xinjiang region and examines the ways in which the Uyghur diaspora has spread. It then explores how geographical, cultural, economic, and religious relationships between Xinjiang and segments of the international community impact attitudes and levels of activism in response to recent developments in Xinjiang, particularly focusing on the weaker responses in the Middle East relative to the rest of the Islamic community. It then proposes recommendations for regional stakeholders in Middle Eastern civil society to encourage greater support for the Uyghur community.

Middle East Dilemma: Pakistan’s Role as Mediator for Conflict Resolution

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18
Author(s):  
Zikriya ◽  
Naushad Khan ◽  
Asif Salim
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
East Region ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Middle East Region

The development of International relations together with forces like globalization and technology has brought the world closer to each other. Friendly ties and relations with states create massive challenges during times of conflict. The focus of the paper is on the crisis evolving in the Middle East region and the role of Pakistan in solving those crisis considering relations with its closest allies, political and financial circumstances, and its foreign policy principles. A qualitative research approach with desk analysis technique has been applied to analyse the role of Pakistan as a mediator for the conflict resolution among Middle Eastern countries. The research highlights how the disputes created great problems for Pakistan but it is still striving to resolve conflicts among Middle Eastern countries because maintaining peace and prosperity in the Muslim world has always been a top priority of Pakistan’s foreign policy.

3. Human Rights in International Relations

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Dunne ◽  
Marianne Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
International Responsibility ◽  
Duty To Protect ◽  
Theoretical Issues

This chapter examines the role of human rights in international relations. It first considers the theoretical issues and context that are relevant to the link between human rights and the discipline of international relations, focusing on such concepts as realism, liberalism, and constructivism. It then explores key controversies over human rights as understood in international relations as a field of study: one is the question of state sovereignty; another is the mismatch between the importance attached to human rights at the declaratory level and the prevalence of human rights abuses in reality. The chapter also discusses two dimensions of international responsibility: the duty to protect their citizens that is incumbent on all states in light of their obligations under the various human rights covenants; and the duty of states to act as humanitarian rescuers in instances where a state is collapsing or a regime is committing gross human rights violations.

5. Oil and Political Economy in the International Relations of the Middle East

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Luciani
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Rentier State ◽  
Eastern State ◽  
Used Oil ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Middle East Policy

This chapter examines the impact of oil and political economy on the international relations of the Middle East. It begins by discussing the relationship between oil and the consolidation and evolution of the modern Middle Eastern state system, noting that, while outside powers have invariably used oil in their calculations of Middle East policy, oil has figured less prominently in the foreign policies of Arab states. As regards domestic politics, the rentier state paradigm shows how oil has conditioned economic and political outcomes in both oil-rich and oil-poor states, slowing down the prospects for reform. The chapter proceeds by assessing the influence of oil on inter-Arab relations and concludes with some reflections on the regional and international environments as well as the political order in the Middle East.

scholarly journals El estudio de Medio Oriente en la disciplina de relaciones internacionales en México

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (225) ◽  
pp. 614
Author(s):  
Marta Tawil Kuri
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Public Engagement ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Knowing How ◽  
Policy Relevance ◽  
Phd Theses ◽  
Masters Degree

The present work is mostly based on BA, Masters degree and PhD theses on Middle Eastern issues and countries that have been written by students of international relations since 1980 in four Mexican universities. Predominant topics as well as methodological and theoretical tools are identified, which are then linked to the question of knowing how the growing interest in the Middle East among Mexican internationalists, and their efforts in this field, are effectively reflected in both the publication of articles and books in Mexico, and in the policy relevance and public engagement of scholars. What has been detected so far gives an encouraging and at the same time disconcerting picture, related to research and documentation networks, financial resources, and the priorities set out by Mexico’s national neoliberalist identity and structural positionality.

Muslim states will turn a blind eye to China's abuses

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Public Pressure ◽  
The Face ◽  
International Activism ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Impact

Subject The impact of repression in Xinjiang on China's relations with Muslim-majority countries. Significance The silence of Muslim-majority countries in the face of human rights abuses in Xinjiang contrasts with their international activism on behalf of Palestine, Kashmir and the Rohingya minority in Myanmar. Impacts Governments in the more repressive Muslim-majority countries, especially in the Middle East, will censor discussion of the Xinjiang issue. Where public pressure forces the governments of Muslim-majority countries to act, responses are unlikely to go beyond rhetoric. Beijing would not hesitate to use limited economic sanctions to punish Muslim-majority countries that criticise its internal policies.

The State of Qatar

2017 ◽  
pp. 212-252
Author(s):  
Seyfettin Erdoğan ◽  
Ayfer Gedikli
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Political Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
Liquid Natural Gas ◽  
International Strategies

Since 1990s, with its improving economy and its wise international strategies, Qatar has been a growing power of MENA. Although Qatar is a tiny peninsula country with a very little population, the country refused to be a rentier monarchy. Today, as one of the greatest Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) suppliers, Qatar became one of the wealthiest countries of the world. However, since the economy is heavily dependent on hydrocarbon products, the country has been dealing with diversifying the economy. Besides, there has been great infrastructure investments to modernize the country. However, since the country is located at a very hot point of the Middle East, the country has to follow fine tuning political strategies due to great conflicts in its neighbors. Besides, Qatar needs to improve not only economical but also political relations with the region countries. Below, macroeconomic performance of Qatar and international relations of the country will be explained.

1. International Relations Theory and the Middle East

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred H. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Power Cycle Theory ◽  
Neoliberal Institutionalism

This chapter examines the different theories and approaches that characterize the study of international relations, along with their application to the Middle East. International relations theory takes many forms and presents a variety of challenges that can be addressed using Middle Eastern cases. The field of international relations is dominated by structural realist theory. The chapter considers the assumptions of structural realism, neoliberal institutionalism, the English School, historical sociology, international society, constructivism, and relational contracting, along with post-structuralism and post-modernism. It also discusses political culture and statistical studies of world politics. In particular, it analyses some key findings from quantitative research in international relations. The chapter concludes with an assessment of power transition theory and power cycle theory, along with conceptual contributions from regional specialists.

Introduction: Sources and Theory

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Leo Overtoom
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Political History ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Realist Theory ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Hellenistic World

This chapter discusses the neglect of the Parthians in the ancient sources and in modern historiography, while introducing the application of international relations theory to help provide a fuller appreciation of the geopolitical developments of the Parthian state and to help overcome some of the limitations of our sources. Although the Parthians are a part of the long tradition of strong Middle Eastern empires and the Hellenistic world created by the conquests of Alexander the Great, no other major world empire has been more overshadowed, misunderstood, or ignored. There have been relatively few comprehensive studies of the formation, growth, and international relations of the Parthian state. Most studies of this sort are either outdated, cursory, or, in the case of numerous recent attempts, of limited or questionable academic merit. No account of the Parthians’ history survives from their perspective. In reconstructing Parthian history, we must maneuver through Greek and Roman literary sources that dominate the narrative and often treat the Parthians hostilely or cursorily and mostly from a foreign perspective, and therefore, recent work in archaeology and numismatics is invaluable to the historical reconstruction of the Hellenistic Middle East. With the sometimes severe limitations of our available sources in mind, the potential insights that the theoretical framework of modern international relations theory, especially Realist Theory, offers to the study of Parthian political history are quite exciting, and this study is the first comprehensive attempt to apply modern international relations theory to the interpretation of Parthian expansionism and interactions with neighboring states.

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