Association between the site of occurrence and pathological TNM staging in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral cancer is a worldwide health problem. Risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are tobacco, alcohol, betel nuts, viral infection and dietary habit. The site of occurence of the OSCC differs substantially between different people groups mainly because of variations in the prevalence of risk factors. The prognosis varies based on the site. pTNM is also one of the most useful tools for the prediction of prognosis. Therefore, it is of interest to correlate the pTNM staging with the site of occurrence of the lesion using 36 OSCC case reports. The results revealed 36.11% of the lesion occurred in buccal mucosa. Stage III pTNM was most prevalent in buccal mucosa and tongue and Stage IV pTNM in the retromolar trigone region by significant association with p value < 0.05. Thus, we report that lesions occurring in the Retromolar region, tongue and buccal mucosa need to be given special attention, as they are associated with early metastasis and poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment protocol will improve the quality of life for the patients.

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An erosive lesion of the buccal mucosa revealing an early squamous cell carcinoma

Integrative Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.15342/ijms.2021.435 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Laila Benjelloun ◽

Saliha Chbicheb

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Buccal Mucosa ◽

Malignant Lesion ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

Early Presentation ◽

Early Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common epithelial malignant neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. It accounts for 90% of all oral cancers. It usually arises from a pre-existing potentially malignant lesion, and occasionally de novo. The use of tobacco, betel quid and alcohol are well known risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Early detection is an important criterion for achieving high cure rate. Occasionally, OSCC may be misdiagnosed because of its variable and innocuous clinical appearance. We report the case of an early presentation of Oral squamous cell carcinoma in a patient aged 70 without preexisting risk factors, with a painful and soft erosion in the buccal mucosa for 2 months. The lesion resembled other benign lesions, but biopsy was mandatory and revealed an early squamous cell carcinoma.

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Correlation of age and gender with the site of occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl3.2893 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽

pp. 72-76

Author(s):

Casilda Sushanthi L ◽

Hannah R ◽

Pratibha Ramani ◽

Gheena S ◽

Abilasha Ramasubramaniam

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Buccal Mucosa ◽

P Value ◽

Common Site ◽

Age And Gender ◽

And Gender ◽

A Site

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most occurring cancer of the oral cavity showing changes based on-site, sex, age and habits of the population. The purpose of the study is to correlate the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma at specific anatomical sites with age and gender. The present study is a retrospective study, including data from June 2019 to April 2020. Data of 50 OSCC patients including age, gender, site of the lesion, the onset of symptoms, treatment done, were collected, tabulated and then statistically analyzed. Results revealed that buccal mucosa was the most common site of occurrence in males (61.50%): Correlation of gender with the location of oscc was statistically not significant with a p-value higher than 0.05. Regarding the association of age with a site of oscc occurrence, buccal mucosa was the common site of involvement in individuals below 50 years of age (54.50%), followed by tongue 23.50% and 21% in above 50 years of age. Correlation of age with the site of oscc occurrence was statistically insignificant (p>0.05). Within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that the site of occurrence of OSCC is more governed by habits involved than age and gender itself. But an investigation involving a larger population would give a more comprehensive outcome.

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Rediscussing the Role of Traditional Risk Factors in Young Adults With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Anticancer Research ◽

10.21873/anticanres.14723 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 6987-6995

Author(s):

NORBERT NECKEL ◽

MARCO MICHAEL ◽

DANIEL TROELTZSCH ◽

JONAS WÜSTER ◽

STEFFEN KOERDT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Young Adults ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Traditional Risk Factors

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Rural profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) survival patients attending in tertiary level hospital in Bogura: a hospital based retrospective observational study.

Update Dental College Journal ◽

10.3329/updcj.v10i1.46684 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 3-5

Author(s):

Parometa Barma ◽

Ibrahim Khalil ◽

Tanzima Yeasmin

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

P Value ◽

Oral Epithelium ◽

Tertiary Level ◽

Total Cancer ◽

Grade Ii

Developing country like Bangladesh among 90% of oral malignant neoplasm are arising from squamous layer of oral epithelium which are third leading of this country with severe disfiguration, functiolaesa, psychological impairments and socio-economic hardship. In this study we found the prevalence of OSCC was 6.5% among total cancer patients in the two tertiary level hospitals of Bogura. Male (70%) are affected more than in females (30%). In response to male and female parameter, sex distribution ratio was 2.3:1. The prevalent average age was 55.40 years. About 80% of ulcer site was buccal mucosa then 10 % were lip mucosa. About 80% people were habituated by betel nut, leaf with tobacco chewers. Moreover 46.7% of them were maltreated by quack doctors before. Majority of the patient was in Grade II (56.7%). Correlation between variable in respect of age and cancer grading was explained. According to these study OSCC patients in north bangle region like Bogura was quite high on ( significant p-value ≤ 0.05). Description of oral squamous cell carcinoma on the basis of demographic and clinical profile was the major aim . Most of the cases report with intermediate grade of the disease which often leads to decrease the chance of survival of a patient. So new strategies should be considered to overcome the present situation must be undertaken by oral health programs for the early diagnosis and prevention, build up awareness and management and follow up of oral cancer. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2020; 10 (1): 3-5

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Risk factors for distant metastasis in locoregionally controlled oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84704-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hirofumi Tomioka ◽

Yuko Yamagata ◽

Yu Oikawa ◽

Toshimitsu Ohsako ◽

Takuma Kugimoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Distant Metastasis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Distant Metastases ◽

Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis ◽

Extranodal Extension

AbstractThe control of distant metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma is an important determinant of improved prognosis. The study aimed to identify risk factors for distant metastasis in patients with locoregionally controlled oral carcinoma. We identified 982 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma treated at our hospital between January 2008 and December 2017. After excluding patients with distant metastasis at initial treatment, patients with metastasis to the oral cavity, those receiving palliative treatment, and those lacking follow-up data, 941 patients were selected. Finally, among these 941 patients, 887 with locoregionally controlled oral squamous cell carcinoma were included in the study. Among the 887 patients, 36 had confirmed distant metastasis (4.1%), and the lung was the most common site (31/36 patients, 86.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that the incidence of primary intraosseous carcinoma of the mandible, cervical lymph node metastasis at levels IV and V, and the presence of pathological extranodal extension were significant risk factors for distant metastasis. When treating patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who are positive for the aforementioned risk factors, the possibility of developing distant metastases must be accounted for, and aggressive treatment should be planned accordingly.

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Role of viruses in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oncology Reviews ◽

10.4081/oncol.2012.e21 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Rashmi Metgud ◽

Madhusudan Astekar ◽

Meenal Verma ◽

Ashish Sharma

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Genetic Susceptibility ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Oncogenic Viruses ◽

Exact Role ◽

Carcinogenic Effects

The etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is complex and involves many factors. The most clearly defined risk factors are smoking and alcohol, which substantially increase the risk of oral SCC. However, despite this clear association, a substantial proportion of patients develop OSCC without exposure to them, emphasizing the role of other risk factors such as genetic susceptibility and oncogenic viruses. Some viruses are strongly associated with OSCC while the association of others is less frequent and may depend on co-factors for their carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the exact role of viruses must be evaluated with care in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.

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p53 immunohistochemical staining patterns in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v6i12.16257 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 1013-1017

Author(s):

G Dundy ◽

H Kumar ◽

A Singh ◽

A Chandarakant

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Mucosa ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

P53 Protein ◽

P Value ◽

P53 Expression ◽

Normal Oral Mucosa ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Mutation of p53 gene is one of the most common events in oral carcinogenesis. Accumulation of p53 protein has also been detected in premalignant lesions.Materials and Methods: This study included 40 biopsy samples, which were received in department of pathology, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, to ascertain p53 expression by immunohistochemically, in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas and to correlate its expression with histological grade, different sites in oral cavity and tobacco intake/smoking habits.Results: Out of 40 biopsies of oral mucosa, 03 showed normal oral mucosa and 37 were diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), most patients were in 5th and 6th decade and majority (86.5%) of oral SCC were males with buccal mucosa being the most common site. There was a statistically significant difference in p53 expression between oral SCC and normal oral mucosa (p value <0.05). Of total 37 cases, 12 cases were well differentiated type, 16 moderately differentiated and 09 of poorly differentiated type of SCC. In each category, about two thirds were positive for p53 staining. Out of total 37 cases of oral SCC, 64.9% were positive and 35.1% were negative for p53 expression, 34 cases had positive history of tobacco intake/smoking habits, of which 23 cases were positive while 11 cases were negative for p53 staining.Conclusion: Abnormal p53 protein was detected in 64.9% of oral squamous cell carcinoma, but not in normal oral mucosa. p53 expression was associated with malignant transformation of oral mucosa.

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Prognostic Significance of PD-L1 and mTOR Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Journal of Health Science and Medical Research ◽

10.31584/jhsmr.2020745 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nattinee Charoen ◽

Kitti Jantharapattana ◽

Paramee Thongsuksai

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Prognostic Factors ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Prognostic Significance ◽

P Value ◽

Cox Regression Analysis

Objective: Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are key players in host immune evasion and oncogenic activation, respectively. Evidence of the prognostic role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is conflicting. This study examined the associations of PD-L1 and mTOR expression with 5-year overall survival in OSCC patients. Material and Methods: The expressions of PD-L1 and mTOR proteins were immunohistochemically evaluated on tissue microarrays of 191 patients with OSCC who were treated by surgery at Songklanagarind Hospital, Thailand from 2008 to 2011. Cox regression analysis was used to determine independent prognostic factors. Results: PD-L1 expression was observed in 14.1% of cases while mTOR expression was present in 74.3% of cases. Females were more likely to have tumors with PD-L1 (p-value=0.007) and mTOR expressions (p-value=0.003) than males. In addition, lower clinical stage and well differentiated tumor are more likely to have mTOR expression (p-value= 0.038 and p-value<0.001, respectively). Cox regression analysis showed that age, tumor stage, nodal stage, combined surgical treatment with radiation or chemoradiation therapy, surgical margin status, PD-L1 expression and mTOR expression are independent prognostic factors. High PD-L1 expression (hazard ratio (HR) 3.14, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.26–7.79) and high mTOR expression (HR 1.69, 95% CI, 1.00–2.84) are strong predictors of poor outcome. Conclusion: A proportion of OSCC expressed PD-L1 and mTOR proteins. Expression of PD-L1 and mTOR proteins are strong prognostic factors of OSCC.

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