An erosive lesion of the buccal mucosa revealing an early squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common epithelial malignant neoplasm affecting the oral cavity. It accounts for 90% of all oral cancers. It usually arises from a pre-existing potentially malignant lesion, and occasionally de novo. The use of tobacco, betel quid and alcohol are well known risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Early detection is an important criterion for achieving high cure rate. Occasionally, OSCC may be misdiagnosed because of its variable and innocuous clinical appearance. We report the case of an early presentation of Oral squamous cell carcinoma in a patient aged 70 without preexisting risk factors, with a painful and soft erosion in the buccal mucosa for 2 months. The lesion resembled other benign lesions, but biopsy was mandatory and revealed an early squamous cell carcinoma.

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Expression OF p16INK4a Gene in Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of Oral Cavity

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i22a31388 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 53-62

Author(s):

R. Vijay David Raj ◽

S. Marylilly

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Malignant Lesion ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

Premalignant Lesions ◽

Group I ◽

Malignant Lesions

Squamous cell carcinoma is the summits malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. Tobacco and alcohol is identified as risk factors, but squamous cell carcinoma can occur in patients with no known risk factors. Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy and is one of the major causes of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer is caused due to a series of alteration in genetic and epigenetic factors that occur in multiple steps and is influenced by the genetic predisposition of the individual and by exogenous environmental factors. These factors result in a series of molecular alteration, including inactivation of tumor suppressor genes expression of p16 has been proposed as a marker for malignant transformation. The p16 staining was correlated between the control and study groups and p 16 was shown to be increasing expressed in premalignant and less expressed in malignant category and was found to be statistically significant by Fischer’s exact test. This study concluded that p16 was increasingly expressed in premalignant lesions and less expressed in malignant lesion. In the present study 9 of the control cases were p16 negative and one case showed sporadic staining. The study group I showed 1 case of sporadic staining, 6 cases of focal staining and 8 cases of diffuse staining. The study II showed 14 cases of sporadic staining, 6 cases of focal staining and 5 cases of diffuse staining. Hence variations cannot be accurately assessed, but it plays a crucial role in assessing pre-malignant lesions progressing to malignancy. To confirm this, a larger sample study is required. As advances in research have leads to greater understanding of potentially malignant lesions in the oral cavity.

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Association between the site of occurrence and pathological TNM staging in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Bioinformation ◽

10.6026/973206300161019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. 1019-1025

Author(s):

R Hannah ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Buccal Mucosa ◽

Case Reports ◽

Treatment Protocol ◽

P Value ◽

Dietary Habit

Oral cancer is a worldwide health problem. Risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are tobacco, alcohol, betel nuts, viral infection and dietary habit. The site of occurence of the OSCC differs substantially between different people groups mainly because of variations in the prevalence of risk factors. The prognosis varies based on the site. pTNM is also one of the most useful tools for the prediction of prognosis. Therefore, it is of interest to correlate the pTNM staging with the site of occurrence of the lesion using 36 OSCC case reports. The results revealed 36.11% of the lesion occurred in buccal mucosa. Stage III pTNM was most prevalent in buccal mucosa and tongue and Stage IV pTNM in the retromolar trigone region by significant association with p value < 0.05. Thus, we report that lesions occurring in the Retromolar region, tongue and buccal mucosa need to be given special attention, as they are associated with early metastasis and poor prognosis. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment protocol will improve the quality of life for the patients.

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Zinc α-2 Glycoprotein (ZAG) a Novel Biomarker for the Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Pakistan Journal of Medicine and Dentistry ◽

10.36283/pjmd9-3/015 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Mehwish Feroz Ali

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Cancer ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Malignant Lesion ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Constant Stimulus ◽

Dysplastic Lesion ◽

Cancerous Lesion

Oral cancer, the most challenging and life threatening disease in the field of dentistry, may start as a reactive lesion due to constant stimulus from tobacco consumption, transform into a pre-malignant lesion (dysplastic lesion) and ultimately develop into a cancerous lesion (Invasive carcinoma). There is a fundamental revolution taking place in the analyzing methods; extraction of biological protein from the saliva rather than from tissues or blood. Several of the biomarkers have been studied with pro-carcinogenic effects like Interleukins (ILs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and leptin, but only a few have been stated in the literature, which show anti-cancer characteristics like adiponectin and zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein. This review explored the diagnostic and prognostic values of a biomarkers zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein (ZAG) in adults suspected of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar were searched for scientific studies reported on the potential mechanism of zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein. All the research articles were selected in which ZAG is applied solely or in conjunction with other biomarkers in oral cancer and other cancers. These literatures were carefully assessed to find out and compile the diagnostic and prognostic values and to inquire therapeutic action of ZAG in the process of carcinogenesis.

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Rediscussing the Role of Traditional Risk Factors in Young Adults With Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Anticancer Research ◽

10.21873/anticanres.14723 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 6987-6995

Author(s):

NORBERT NECKEL ◽

MARCO MICHAEL ◽

DANIEL TROELTZSCH ◽

JONAS WÜSTER ◽

STEFFEN KOERDT ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Young Adults ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Traditional Risk Factors

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Rural profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) survival patients attending in tertiary level hospital in Bogura: a hospital based retrospective observational study.

Update Dental College Journal ◽

10.3329/updcj.v10i1.46684 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 3-5

Author(s):

Parometa Barma ◽

Ibrahim Khalil ◽

Tanzima Yeasmin

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Malignant Neoplasm ◽

P Value ◽

Oral Epithelium ◽

Tertiary Level ◽

Total Cancer ◽

Grade Ii

Developing country like Bangladesh among 90% of oral malignant neoplasm are arising from squamous layer of oral epithelium which are third leading of this country with severe disfiguration, functiolaesa, psychological impairments and socio-economic hardship. In this study we found the prevalence of OSCC was 6.5% among total cancer patients in the two tertiary level hospitals of Bogura. Male (70%) are affected more than in females (30%). In response to male and female parameter, sex distribution ratio was 2.3:1. The prevalent average age was 55.40 years. About 80% of ulcer site was buccal mucosa then 10 % were lip mucosa. About 80% people were habituated by betel nut, leaf with tobacco chewers. Moreover 46.7% of them were maltreated by quack doctors before. Majority of the patient was in Grade II (56.7%). Correlation between variable in respect of age and cancer grading was explained. According to these study OSCC patients in north bangle region like Bogura was quite high on ( significant p-value ≤ 0.05). Description of oral squamous cell carcinoma on the basis of demographic and clinical profile was the major aim . Most of the cases report with intermediate grade of the disease which often leads to decrease the chance of survival of a patient. So new strategies should be considered to overcome the present situation must be undertaken by oral health programs for the early diagnosis and prevention, build up awareness and management and follow up of oral cancer. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2020; 10 (1): 3-5

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Risk factors for distant metastasis in locoregionally controlled oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-84704-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hirofumi Tomioka ◽

Yuko Yamagata ◽

Yu Oikawa ◽

Toshimitsu Ohsako ◽

Takuma Kugimoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Distant Metastasis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Distant Metastases ◽

Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis ◽

Extranodal Extension

AbstractThe control of distant metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma is an important determinant of improved prognosis. The study aimed to identify risk factors for distant metastasis in patients with locoregionally controlled oral carcinoma. We identified 982 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma treated at our hospital between January 2008 and December 2017. After excluding patients with distant metastasis at initial treatment, patients with metastasis to the oral cavity, those receiving palliative treatment, and those lacking follow-up data, 941 patients were selected. Finally, among these 941 patients, 887 with locoregionally controlled oral squamous cell carcinoma were included in the study. Among the 887 patients, 36 had confirmed distant metastasis (4.1%), and the lung was the most common site (31/36 patients, 86.1%). Multivariate analysis showed that the incidence of primary intraosseous carcinoma of the mandible, cervical lymph node metastasis at levels IV and V, and the presence of pathological extranodal extension were significant risk factors for distant metastasis. When treating patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who are positive for the aforementioned risk factors, the possibility of developing distant metastases must be accounted for, and aggressive treatment should be planned accordingly.

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Role of viruses in oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oncology Reviews ◽

10.4081/oncol.2012.e21 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Rashmi Metgud ◽

Madhusudan Astekar ◽

Meenal Verma ◽

Ashish Sharma

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Cell Carcinoma ◽

Genetic Susceptibility ◽

Squamous Cell ◽

Oncogenic Viruses ◽

Exact Role ◽

Carcinogenic Effects

The etiology of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is complex and involves many factors. The most clearly defined risk factors are smoking and alcohol, which substantially increase the risk of oral SCC. However, despite this clear association, a substantial proportion of patients develop OSCC without exposure to them, emphasizing the role of other risk factors such as genetic susceptibility and oncogenic viruses. Some viruses are strongly associated with OSCC while the association of others is less frequent and may depend on co-factors for their carcinogenic effects. Therefore, the exact role of viruses must be evaluated with care in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.

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