scholarly journals The Grammar of Giants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Rasmus Puggaard
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Inverse Process ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Common Process ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Late Stages

It is a common process of language change for free morphemes to become bound morphemes, but the inverse process (termed ‘debonding’ by Norde 2009) is much rarer. Previous studies have found that lexemes with the original meaning ‘giant’ (German Riesen, Dutch reuze) have historically grammaticalized as prefixes, and subsequently debonded into free morphemes with the same bleached meaning as the prefixes (Van Goethem & Hiligsmann 2014; Norde & Van Goethem 2014). Using a synchronic corpus of written Danish (KorpusDK), this paper shows that the Danish word kæmpe, originally ‘giant’, is in the late stages of a similar process of debonding. By investigating the morphological and syntactic patterning of kæmpe, the paper shows that kæmpe has indeed debonded, and occurs as a free-standing semantically bleached adjective, but that it does not yet exhibit fully prototypical adjectival behavior. All three functions of kæmpe remain in use: a noun with the specific meaning ‘giant’, a semantically bleached prefix, and a corresponding semantically bleached adjective. This would argue against an account relying on abrupt category change, and it is proposed that kæmpe has reached its current status through gradual analogy-driven change.

scholarly journals The Role of Elision in Evolutionary Processes

Languages ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
María Azofra Sierra
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Category Membership ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Linguistic Change ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
Theoretical Overview

Changes by elision—as well as those due to processes of adfunctionalization or refunctionalization—must be taken into account as explanatory mechanisms of linguistic change. In this paper, we study the role of elision in the theoretical overview of explanatory theories of language change by focusing on the evolutionary process of the Spanish adverb aparte. We analyze the consequences of the elision of an initial construction for the development of new functions as an exceptive or additive adverb, and as an additive connector with a specific meaning, conditioned by the evolution of the entire construction. We find that, in this case, the ellipsis of a verbal element has led to important modifications of the preserved item (aparte), not only at the semantic-pragmatic and functional levels but also in its category membership.

Al-Afrād (Word Choice) in Uri Rubin's Hebrew Translation of the Qur'an

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-163
Author(s):  
Aḥmed Haykal
Keyword(s):  
Word Choice ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
The Subject

Al-afrād are Qur'anic words which always carry their original meaning in the language, departing from such meanings in only one situation where they take on another specific meaning. The first scholar to address the subject of al-afrād was Muqātil b. Sulaymān, whose comments on this phenomenon are interspersed throughout his tafsīr. Abū’l-Ḥusayn al-Malaṭī cited a number of these in his al-Tanbīh wa'l-radd ʿalā ahl al-ahwāʾ wa'l-bidʿ, while Aḥmad b. Fāris composed a muṣannaf entitled al-Afrād, which likewise benefits from Muqātil's work and in which he dealt with 34 of these terms. Al-Zarkashī quoted al-Afrād in its entirety in his al-Burhān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān, and added a further ten terms of his own. In his al-Itqān fī ʿulūm al-Qurʾān Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī also quoted Ibn Fāris’ list, as well as the majority of those mentioned by al-Zarkashī, to which he adds another four words. These observations form the starting point of this study. The introduction reviews Uri Rubin's choice of words in his Hebrew translation of the Qur'an (Tel Aviv, 2005) with a view to analysing the Hebrew equivalents to the Qur'anic terms chosen by the translator. This will be done by comparing them to the words used in the Qur'an, and with reference to the tafsīr and the wujūh wa'l-naẓāʾir. On the basis of this, we are able to gauge the extent to which the translator has succeeded in offering relevant equivalents to the singular meaning intended in the Qur'an, and correct it if needed. This study will be confined to the following afrād: al-burūj, al-barr, al-baḥr, jithiyyan, rayb, al-ṣawm, al-ẓulumāt, al-nūr, al-qunūt, liʾalā, miṣbāḥ, al-rijz, al-rajm, al-zakāt, al-Shayṭān, al-ṣalāt, al-ʿadhāb, al-nikāḥ, and al-zūr.

Measurement of Vibrational Circular Dichroism below ∼600 cm−1: Progress towards Meeting the Challenge

1996 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad L. Polavarapu ◽  
Zhengyu Deng
Keyword(s):  
Circular Dichroism ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Vibrational Circular Dichroism ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Incoming Beam ◽  
Metal Wires ◽  
Circular Dichroïsm

The measurement of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) below ∼600 cm−1 is one of the experimental challenges of the current times. Polarization-division interferometry is considered to be the most efficient approach for realizing these measurements. A crucial component for successful applications of this interferometry is the beamsplitter, which divides the incoming beam according to polarization. Free-standing metal wires and the metal wires deposited on a mylar substrate have been employed as beamsplitters, and their performance has been evaluated for the ∼700–10 cm−1 region. VCD measurements obtained for the enantiomers of α-pinene in the 400–250 cm−1 region are presented. The current status and future developments needed for routine far-infrared VCD measurements are summarized.

scholarly journals Development of a Pre-Verified EPD Tool with Process Simulation Capabilities for the Aggregates Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 9492
Author(s):  
Panagiota Papadopoulou ◽  
Diego Peñaloza ◽  
Gauti Asbjörnsson ◽  
Erik Hulthén ◽  
Magnus Evertsson
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Environmental Product Declarations ◽  
Process Flowsheet ◽  
Common Process ◽  
Process Simulations ◽  
Plant Data ◽  
Environmental Goals

This paper has two aims: to describe the current status and challenges of aggregates producers regarding the analysis and communication of environmental information of their products and to present a layout of a pre-verified tool with simulation capabilities that could assist aggregates producers with their environmental goals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three Swedish aggregates producers, an aggregates customer, and an expert agency. Additionally, published Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for aggregates and the EN 15804:2012 + A2:2019 were studied to reveal current practices and upcoming changes due to the updated standard. The synergies with process simulations were explored as a step towards using the EPD framework for continuous improvement of aggregates production. The interviews indicated that the main challenge for aggregates producers is the lack of easily available plant data for environmental calculations and clearly defined environmental goals at each plant. The proposed tool uses a common process flowsheet for both EPDs and simulations and has a pre-defined LCA module. The use of such a tool is expected to raise the environmental interest at aggregates plants and improve collaboration with LCA experts. Since the analysis is based on the Swedish aggregates market, the interview results are not directly generalizable to the European context.

Preparation of Free-Standing PZT and Gold Nanoparticles

2005 ◽  
Vol 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Das
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Similar Process ◽  
Complexing Agents ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Drying Conditions ◽  
Metal Ion Complex

AbstractFree-standing PZT (Lead Zirconate Titanate ) and Gold nanoparticles (ceramic and metal) have been prepared by complex process. In case of PZT, the process involves the preparation of metal ion complex (ligand) solution followed by evaporation. Complete evaporation results in fluffy dried mass. Calcination of dried mass at low temperature produces free-standing PZT nanoparticles. The concept of the process involves choice of correct metal ion complex, stoiochiometry and drying conditions to produce free-standing individual nanoparticles. Similar process has been used to prepare free-standing gold nanoparticles where individual gold form complex with the ligands (complexing agents) to produce free-standing nanoparticles.

scholarly journals Current Status of Liquid Metal Printing

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Troy Y. Ansell
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Liquid Metals ◽  
Metal Droplet ◽  
Droplet Generation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Drop On Demand ◽  
Current State ◽  
Metal Printing

This review focuses on the current state of the art in liquid metal additive manufacturing (AM), an emerging and growing family of related printing technologies used to fabricate near-net shape or fully free-standing metal objects. The various printing modes and droplet generation techniques as applied to liquid metals are discussed. Two different printing modes, continuous and drop-on-demand (DOD), exist for liquid metal printing and are based on commercial inkjet printing technology. Several techniques are in various stages of development from laboratory testing, prototyping, to full commercialization. Printing techniques include metal droplet generation by piezoelectric actuation or impact-driven, electrostatic, pneumatic, electrohydrodynamic (EHD), magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ejection, or droplet generation by application of a high-power laser. The impetus for development of liquid metal printing was the precise, and often small scale, jetting of solder alloys for microelectronics applications. The fabrication of higher-melting-point metals and alloys and the printing of free-standing metal objects has provided further motivation for the research and development of liquid metal printing.

Structural evolution of the Cross Lake greenstone belt in the northwestern Superior Province, Manitoba: implications for relationship between vertical and horizontal tectonism

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 767-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C Parmenter ◽  
Shoufa Lin ◽  
M Timothy Corkery
Keyword(s):  
Greenstone Belt ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Vertical Movement ◽  
Superior Province ◽  
Tectonic Model ◽  
Detailed Structural Analysis ◽  
Common Process ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Late Stages

Evidence for both vertical and horizontal movement is well preserved in the Cross Lake greenstone belt in the northwestern Superior Province. The vertical movement components are concentrated in high-strain zones along pluton–greenstone contacts and are characterized by pluton-side-up or greenstone-side-down movement, and the geometry, kinematics, and strain distribution are consistent with a vertical tectonic model involving diapirism and sagduction. The horizontal components are concentrated in major east-southeast-trending dextral high-strain zones and in subordinate northeast-trending sinistral, antithetic high-strain zones and can be readily explained by a horizontal tectonic model involving dextral transpression. Results of a detailed structural analysis indicate that the vertical and horizontal tectonism were more or less synchronous, and there was a transition from dominantly vertical tectonism at the early stages to dominantly horizontal tectonism at the late stages. The Cross Lake Group, consisting of Timiskaming-type sedimentary rocks, was deposited in a synclinal keel between granitoid domes associated with vertical tectonism. It is suggested that synchronous vertical and horizontal tectonism was a common process in the Neoarchean and might represent a transition from dominant vertical tectonism in the Mesoarchean (and Paleoarchean?) to dominant horizontal tectonism in the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.

Die ursprünglichen fragestellungen hinter August schleichers Stammbaum-Theorie und Johannes Schmidts Wellen-Metapher

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen van Pottelberge
Keyword(s):  
Language Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hierarchical Classes ◽  
Genealogical Tree ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Original Meaning ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Geographical Spread ◽  
Wave Image ◽  
The One

Summary August Schleicher’s genealogical tree (Stammbaum) and Johannes Schmidt’s wave metaphor (Welle) are very well known linguistic concepts. At the same time there has been a widespread misunderstanding about their original meaning and the questions they were intended to deal with. Both were originally classificatory concepts, not models of language change. Schleicher, on the one hand, introduced the Stammbaum by transforming hierarchical classes of Indo-European languages into successive historical stages. Schmidt, on the other hand, rejected the idea of subgrouping Indo-European languages as required by Schleicher’s Stammbaum. Instead, he assumed an original continuum of languages. He described this continuum metaphorically in terms of concentric ‘waves’. The interpretation of the wave image as a metaphor for the geographical spread of linguistic innovations (as has become common) is the result of later adaptations in dialectology.

Remade in France

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Saugera
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Linguistics ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Global English ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Linguistic Rules ◽  
History Of ◽  
Patterns And Processes

Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French chronicles the current status of French Anglicisms, a hot topic in the history of the French language and a compelling example of the influence of global English. The abundant data come from primary sources—a large online newspaper corpus (for unofficial Anglicisms) and the dictionary (for official Anglicisms)—and secondary sources. This book examines the appearance and behavior of English items in the lexicon and morphology of French, and explains them in the context of French neology and lexical activity. The first phase of the latest contact period (1990–2015) has its own complex linguistic characterization, including a significant influx of nonce borrowings and very low-frequency Anglicisms, heterogeneous and creative borrowing outcomes, and direct phraseological borrowing. This book is a counterargument to the well-known criticism that Anglicisms are lexical polluters. On the contrary, the use of Anglicisms requires the inventive application of complex linguistic rules, and the borrowing of Anglicisms into the French lexicon is convincing proof that language change is systematic. The findings bring novel interdisciplinary insights to the domains of borrowing in a non-bilingual contact setting; global English as a source of lexical creativity in the French lexicon; the phases, patterns and processes of integration of English loanwords; the morphology of borrowing; and computational corpus linguistics. The appended database is a snapshot of a synchronic period of linguistic contact and a useful lexicographic resource.

Current status of special planetary and lunar theories and ephemerides

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 266-267
Author(s):  
R. L. Duncombe
Keyword(s):  
Observational Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Numerical Errors

An examination of some specialized lunar and planetary ephemerides has revealed inconsistencies in the adopted planetary masses, the presence of non-gravitational terms, and some outright numerical errors. They should be considered of temporary usefulness only, subject to subsequent amendment as required for the interpretation of observational data.

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