scholarly journals Identification of Immune Cells and Key Genes associated with Alzheimer's Disease

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-125
Author(s):  
Chenming Liu ◽  
Xi Zhang ◽  
Huazhen Chai ◽  
Sutong Xu ◽  
Qiulu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Key Genes

scholarly journals Microglial Function and Regulation during Development, Homeostasis and Alzheimer’s Disease

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 957
Author(s):  
Brad T. Casali ◽  
Erin G. Reed-Geaghan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
And Function ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Homeostatic State

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, deriving from yolk sac progenitors that populate the brain parenchyma during development. During development and homeostasis, microglia play critical roles in synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity, in addition to their primary role as immune sentinels. In aging and neurodegenerative diseases generally, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) specifically, microglial function is altered in ways that significantly diverge from their homeostatic state, inducing a more detrimental inflammatory environment. In this review, we discuss the receptors, signaling, regulation and gene expression patterns of microglia that mediate their phenotype and function contributing to the inflammatory milieu of the AD brain, as well as strategies that target microglia to ameliorate the onset, progression and symptoms of AD.

scholarly journals The Complexity of Microglial Interactions With Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Season K. Wyatt-Johnson ◽  
Randy R. Brutkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Nk Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Reactive Microglia ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Affected Relative ◽  
Peripheral Immune Cells

In the naïve mouse brain, microglia and astrocytes are the most abundant immune cells; however, there is a complexity of other immune cells present including monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytic cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells, T cells, and B cells. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), there is high inflammation, reactive microglia, and astrocytes, leaky blood–brain barrier, the buildup of amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles which attract infiltrating peripheral immune cells that are interacting with the resident microglia. Limited studies have analyzed how these infiltrating immune cells contribute to the neuropathology of AD and even fewer have analyzed their interactions with the resident microglia. Understanding the complexity and dynamics of how these immune cells interact in AD will be important for identifying new and novel therapeutic targets. Thus, this review will focus on discussing our current understanding of how macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, alongside astrocytes, are altered in AD and what this means for the disorder, as well as how these cells are affected relative to the resident microglia.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Study of ASC Expression and Distribution in the Hippocampus of an Aged Murine Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8697
Author(s):  
Diana Reimers ◽  
Manuela Vallejo-Muñoz ◽  
María José Casarejos ◽  
Adriano Jimenez-Escrig ◽  
Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Model ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Danger Signals ◽  
Model Of Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and is notably dependent on age. One important inflammatory pathway exerted by innate immune cells of the nervous system in response to danger signals is mediated by inflammasomes (IF) and leads to the generation of potent pro-inflammatory cytokines. The protein “apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain” (ASC) modulates IF activation but has also other functions which are crucial in AD. We intended to characterize immunohistochemically ASC and pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of IF in the hippocampus (HP) of the transgenic mouse model Tg2576 (APP), in which amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology is directly dependent on age. We show in old-aged APP a significant amount of ASC in microglia and astrocytes associated withAβ plaques, in the absence of PRR described by others in glial cells. In addition, APP developed foci with clusters of extracellular ASC granules not spatiallyrelated to Aβ plaques, which density correlated with the advanced age of mice and AD development. Clusters were associated withspecific astrocytes characterized by their enlarged ring-shaped process terminals, ASC content, and frequent perivascular location. Their possible implication in ASC clearance and propagation of inflammation is discussed.

Identification of Key Genes and Pathways Asscociated with Alzheimer's Disease Based on Bioinformatics Databases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Yingming Yang ◽  
Yongxi Jin ◽  
Chengcheng Song ◽  
Xiaohong Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Bioinformatics Databases ◽  
Key Genes

scholarly journals Application of Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis to Explore the Key Genes in Alzheimer’s Disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 1353-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Wei Liang ◽  
Zheng-Yu Fang ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
Zhen-yu Liuyang ◽  
Xiao-Lin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Key Genes

Alzheimer’s Disease Variants with the Genome-Wide Significance are Significantly Enriched in Immune Pathways and Active in Immune Cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 594-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinghua Jiang ◽  
Shuilin Jin ◽  
Yongshuai Jiang ◽  
Mingzhi Liao ◽  
Rennan Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Immune Pathways ◽  
Genome Wide Significance

scholarly journals Common Peripheral Immunity Mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis and Alzheimer's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Rossi ◽  
Bruno Santos-Lima ◽  
Eleonora Terrabuio ◽  
Elena Zenaro ◽  
Gabriela Constantin
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention

Neurodegenerative diseases are closely related to inflammatory and autoimmune events, suggesting that the dysregulation of the immune system is a key pathological factor. Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by infiltrating immune cells, activated microglia, astrocyte proliferation, and neuronal damage. Moreover, MS and AD share a common pro-inflammatory signature, characterized by peripheral leukocyte activation and transmigration to the central nervous system (CNS). MS and AD are both characterized by the accumulation of activated neutrophils in the blood, leading to progressive impairment of the blood–brain barrier. Having migrated to the CNS during the early phases of MS and AD, neutrophils promote local inflammation that contributes to pathogenesis and clinical progression. The role of circulating T cells in MS is well-established, whereas the contribution of adaptive immunity to AD pathogenesis and progression is a more recent discovery. Even so, blocking the transmigration of T cells to the CNS can benefit both MS and AD patients, suggesting that common adaptive immunity mechanisms play a detrimental role in each disease. There is also growing evidence that regulatory T cells are beneficial during the initial stages of MS and AD, supporting the link between the modulatory immune compartments and these neurodegenerative disorders. The number of resting regulatory T cells declines in both diseases, indicating a common pathogenic mechanism involving the dysregulation of these cells, although their precise role in the control of neuroinflammation remains unclear. The modulation of leukocyte functions can benefit MS patients, so more insight into the role of peripheral immune cells may reveal new targets for pharmacological intervention in other neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.

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