scholarly journals In the Borderlands of Periodization with “The blythnes that hes bein”: The medieval / early modern boundary in Scottish history

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairi Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Atlantic History ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
Historical Scholarship ◽  
Social Discipline ◽  
Scottish History

The conventional placement of the boundary between “medieval” and “early modern” periods in Scottish history has obscured our understanding of certain developments in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Scotland. This paper proposes a reconsideration of periodization so that the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries be examined against the backdrop of early modern (rather than medieval) historical scholarship, and not only in the context of Europe but also in the more expansive field of Atlantic history. With such a shift in periodical alignment, several features become more apparent including a change to religious culture in connection with the Catholic Reformation, an increase in social discipline that helped shape the Protestant Reformation, and early participation in the Atlantic slave trade.

scholarly journals England and the Catholic Reformation: The Peripheries Strike Back

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-285
Author(s):  
James E. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern England ◽  
Position Paper ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Vital Part ◽  
Early Modern English

AbstractAlthough the Protestant Reformation has traditionally been the focus of research on early modern England, the last two decades have witnessed a rapid increase in scholarship on the experience of the country’s Catholics. Questions surrounding the implementation of the Catholic Reformation in England have been central since the topic’s inception as a subject of academic interest, and the field has more recently captured the attention of, amongst others, literary scholars, musicologists and those working on visual and material culture. This article is a position paper that argues early modern English Catholicism, though not doing away with all continuities from before the country’s definitive break with Rome, was fully engaged with the global Catholic Reformation, both being influenced by it, but also impacting its progression. Whether through reading and writing, or more physical expressions of mission and reform, English Catholicism was a vital part of the wider Catholic Reformation.

REBELLION, RESISTANCE, AND A SWISS BRUTUS?

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRIES RAATH ◽  
SHAUN DE FREITAS
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Divine Justice

Early sixteenth-century Germany and Switzerland witnessed, amongst their peasants, a growing dissatisfaction with economic exploitation and the increasing power of political rulers. The Protestant Reformation at the time had a profound influence on the moulding of this dissatisfaction into a right to demand the enforcement of divine justice. The Swiss reformer, Huldrych Zwingli, provided parallels for the demands of the peasants, while the German reformers, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, criticized the rebellious methods of the peasantry. Against this background the young Swiss reformer, Heinrich Bullinger, responded more positively towards the claims of the peasants by opposing the views of the Lutheran reformers in his play ‘Lucretia and Brutus’. In this drama, Bullinger propounds the first steps towards the development of his federal theory of politics by advancing the idea of oath-taking as the mechanism for transforming the monarchy into a Christian republic. The idea of oath-taking was destined to become a most important device in early modern politics, used to combat tyranny and to promote the idea of republicanism.

THE RECOVERY OF FREEDOM OF SPEECH IN THE CULTURE OF HUMANISTS AND THE COMMUNICATIVE ORIGINS OF THE REFORMATION

Traditio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 375-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
JORGE LEDO
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Rules Of The Game

Ideas and opinions about communication and intellectual exchange underwent significant changes during the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The rediscovery of parrhesia by the humanists of the Quattrocento is one of the least studied of these changes, and at the same time, paradoxically, one of the most fascinating. My main argument in these pages is that the recovery of Hellenistic “freedom of speech” was a process that took place from the thirteenth century through the first decade of the sixteenth century; thus it began well before the term παρρησία was common currency among humanists. This is the most important and counterituitive aspect of the present analysis of early modern parrhesia, because it means that the concept did not develop at the expense of classical and biblical tradition so much as at the expense of late-medieval scholastic speculation about the sins of the tongue and the legitimation of anger as an intellectual emotion. To illustrate this longue durée process, I have focused on three stages: (i) the creation, transformation, and assimilation by fourteenth-century humanism of the systems of sins of the tongue, and especially the sin of contentio; (ii) the synthesis carried out by Lorenzo Valla between the scholastic tradition, the communicative presumptions of early humanism, and the classical and New Testament ideas of parrhesia; and (iii) the systematization and transformation of this synthesis in Raffaele Maffei's Commentariorum rerum urbanorum libri XXXVIII. In closing, I propose a hypothesis. The theoretical framework behind Maffei's encyclopaedic approach is not only that he was attempting to synthesize the Quattrocento's heritage through the prism of classical sources; it was also that he was crystallizing the communicative “rules of the game” that all of Christianitas implicitly accepted at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Taking the three ways of manifesting the truth considered by Maffei and fleshing them out in the figures of Erasmus of Rotterdam, Celio Calcagnini, and Martin Luther just before the emergence of the Protestant Reformation could help to explain from a communicative perspective the success and pan-European impact of the Reformation.

The Schools of Christian Doctrine in Sixteenth-Century Italy

1984 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Grendler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Religious Orders ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
Christian Doctrine ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
General Effort

The Schools of Christian Doctrine taught the fundamentals of Catholicism, and reading and writing, to a very large number of boys and girls in sixteenth-century Italy. Numerous laymen and laywomen gave up their holiday leisure in order to teach in these schools. The Schools of Christian Doctrine were a significant feature of the Catholic Reformation, a broad movement of Catholic renewal that began before 1517 and whose major initiatives were not necessarily responses to the Protestant Reformation. New religious orders, missionary activity, the founding of institutions to care for the sick, poor, and homeless, and a general effort to teach and preach to the laity more effectively characterized the Catholic Reformation. Ignatius Loyola, Francis Xavier, and others provided leadership and were canonized in later centuries. Scholars have given all of the above a good deal of attention, but probably only specialists are aware of the Schools of Christian Doctrine.

Biblical Languages and National-Religious Boundaries in Muscovy

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-22
Author(s):  
Isaiah Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Biblical Language ◽  
Biblical Languages

Inspired in part by conversations with David Goldfrank, this essay considers aspects of how attitudes toward biblical language contributed to representations of national and religious identity in late medieval and early modern Muscovite Russia. At roughly the same time in history that revived Hebrew and Greek study in Western Europe helped to stimulate the Renaissance and Reformation, bookmen in East Slavia also reconsidered the original languages of sacred writings. Contrary to what is sometimes assumed, such interest was neither unknown nor marginal within Muscovite religious culture. Hebrew-Russian glossaries circulated in leading monasteries from at least the thirteenth century; major infusions of Greek (and other) words and definitions in the sixteenth century transformed these texts into multilingual dictionaries. This mainstream tradition in Russian Orthodoxy can be linked to such important religious figures as Nil Sorskii and Maksim Grek. I argue that by “appropriating” biblical languages and terminology, often via inaccurate translations, Muscovite Russian literati created and defended their distinctive identity vis-à-vis Jews and Greeks, who were considered God’s former chosen peoples. These findings suggest reconsideration of the nature and boundaries of faith in Muscovy in the “age of confessionalism.”

‘Have you the tongues?’

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-133
Author(s):  
Liz Oakley-Brown
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Love's Labour's Lost ◽  
Mind Set

This essay suggests that, as plays produced in the wake of Henry VIII’s break with Rome and the Protestant Reformation, two early Shakespearean comedies, The Two Gentlemen of Verona (c. 1590–91) and Love’s Labour’s Lost (c. 1594–95), engage with multilingualism’s and translation’s impact on early modern English identities in striking ways. While these late-sixteenth-century texts are products of a cultural mind-set grappling with the vicissitudes of Englishness via the dramatization of deftly layered social strata and linguistic differences, ultimately, I argue that they simultaneously anticipate cultural accord. — Keywords: Shakespearean comedy; the Reformation; identity politics in Elizabethan England; social exclusion; friendship We only ever speak one language […] — (yes, but) — We never speak only one language… (Jacques Derrida 1998: 10)

scholarly journals Reading Ritual: Biblical Hermeneutics and the Liturgical “Text” in Pre-Reformation England

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-64
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Rinkevich
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
John Lydgate ◽  
Sacramental Theology ◽  
Religious Experiences ◽  
Biblical Hermeneutics ◽  
Reformation England ◽  
Moyen Age

This article argues that orthodox English writers during the pre-Reformation period conceptualized the liturgy as a type of biblical text interpreted with traditional exegetical tools, especially allegoresis. In particular, it focuses upon three devotional works produced during the first several decades of the sixteenth century: B. Langforde’s Meditatyons for Goostly Exercyse, in the Tyme of the Masse (ca. 1515); Wynken de Worde’s 1520 edition of John Lydgate’s The Vertue of the Masse; and John Fisher’s sermon Lamentationes, Carmen, et Vae (ca. 1534). These liturgical exegeses uphold orthodox sacramental theology and maintain that such orthodoxy complements the emphasis placed upon literacy by reformers. Placing each text within a larger context, this analysis complicates narratives of religious culture that insist upon divisions between the medieval and the early modern and the Catholic and the Protestant. It offers a fuller picture of religious experiences surrounding the English Reformation’s inception. Cet article avance que les auteurs catholiques anglais de la période pré-Réforme ont considéré la liturgie comme un type de texte biblique pouvant être interprété avec les outils exégétiques traditionnels, tels que l’allégorèse. L’étude se penche en particulier sur trois ouvrages dévotionnels des premières décennies du XVIe siècle : les Meditatyons for Goostly Exercyse, in the Tyme of the Masse (c.1515) de B. Langford, The Vertue of the Masse de John Lydgate dans l’édition de 1520 de Wynken de Worde, et les sermons de John Fisher publiés sous le titre Lamentationes, Carmen et Vae (c.1534). Ces exégèses liturgiques utilisent la théologie sacramentelle catholique et soulignent le fait que son orthodoxie correspond à l’accent que mettent les réformateurs sur l’alphabétisation des fidèles. En replaçant chaque texte dans un contexte plus large, cette analyse approfondit les descriptions de la culture religieuse soulignant les ruptures entre le Moyen Âge et la Renaissance ainsi qu’entre le catholicisme et le protestantisme. On propose ainsi une vision plus complète des expériences religieuses entourant les débuts de la Réforme anglaise.

scholarly journals INTERCONFESSIONAL INTERACTIONS ON THE TERRITORIES OF UKRAINE IN THE FIRST HALF OF XVI CENTURY AND THEIR EFFECTS ON EDUCATION AND CULTURE

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Ruslana Mnozhynska
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
State Building ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Ideology

The article examines the spiritual and religious culture of Ukraine in the first half of the sixteenth century, which is one of the most interesting and poorly researched topics in the history of cultural development of Ukraine. It was during this period that the foundations were laid for the formation of early-modern national thought in its various ways - rationalistic and mystical; Renaissance-humanist and reformist ideas were formed, which later functioned and developed within the boundaries of Ukrainian Baroque culture. There is still an opinion that among the main Christian denominations in Ukraine - Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant and Uniate - national, state-building has always been and is still only Orthodox. As for the “Catholic movement” - Ukrainians of the Catholic faith, almost nothing is known about them in the general public. Meanwhile, from the point of view of national ideology, the "Catholic Rus" for the culture of Ukrainian did, probably, not less than the Greek Catholics or the Orthodox, and could produce no less than the cultural forces for both the Ukrainian material culture and the spiritual.

scholarly journals QU’EST-CE QUE RÉFORMER UNE RELIGION? L’EXEMPLE DE LA RÉFORME PROTESTANTE

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Pierre Gisel
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Catholic Reformation ◽  
Radical Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Church ◽  
Over Time

RÉSUMÉ: L’article interroge ce qu’il en est de la Réforme protestante à l’enseigne de « Qu’est-ce que réformer une religion ? ». Cela suppose qu’on en examine le déploiement dans le temps et qu’on le fasse en fonction de quelques problématiques à élaborer. Au XVIe siècle, la Réforme protestante hérite d’une antécédence et s’en démarque, comme le font aussi la Réforme radicale et la Réforme catholique, chacune diWérente, mais chacune nouvelle et chacune déterminée par la donne socio-culturelle du temps. L’article revient sur la « scène primitive » de la Réforme, sur la structuration de l’Eglise, sur ce qui s’y modiZent du type de fondement mis en avant, du statut et des formes de la transcendance, des modalités d’articulation au séculier. Sur cet arrière-plan, l’article revisite les oppositions confessionnelles usuelles, interrogeant critiquement chacun des termes alors mis en avant. Il y souligne tout particulièrement une radicalité liée à la posture protestante, avec ses forces et ses risques. Il se termine enfin avec l’évocation de questions contemporaines s’inscrivant dans la suite de cette histoire.ABSTRACT: The article questions the Protestant Reformation under the guise of «What does it mean to reform a religion?» . This implies that its’ implementation over time be examined and that this be done while taking into consideration a few under lying problems. In the sixteenth century, the Protestant Reformation inherited antecedents and differentiated itself from them, as did the radical Reformation and the Catholic Reformation, each different, but each new and each determined by the socio-cultural context of the time. The article returns to the «primitive scene» of the Reformation, to the structuring of the Church, to the changes that are taking place in the type of foundation being put forward and to the status and forms of transcendence, models of articulation in secularity. On this background, the article revisits the usual confessional oppositions, critically interrogating each of the ideas presented. In particular, it points out the radicalness linked to the Protestant position, with its strengths and risks. It ends by evoking contemporary questions for the continuation of this event.

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