‘A woman and now a man’: The legitimation of sex-assignment surgery in the United States (1849–1886)

Throughout much of recorded history, societies that assigned rights and duties based on sex were confounded by people with unclear sex. For the sake of maintaining social and legal order in those contexts, legal systems assigned these people to what they figured was the ‘most dominant’ sex. Then, in mid-19th century United States, a new classification mechanism emerged: sex-assignment surgery, which was imagined by some surgeons to ‘fix’ one’s physical and legal sex status permanently. Other surgeons, however, fiercely opposed the new practice. This article traces the controversy around sex-assignment surgery through three high-profile cases published in US medical journals from 1849 to 1886. Its central argument is that the more general effort to transform surgery into a scientific field helped legitimate the practice of sex-assignment surgery. Although such surgery was subject to intense moral criticism because it was thought to breach the laws of men and nature, over time, these concerns were abandoned or transformed into technical or professional disagreements. In a secondary argument, which helps explain that transformation, this article shows that surgeons gradually became comfortable occupying the epistemic role of sex-classifiers and even sex-makers. That is, whereas sex classification was traditionally a legal task, the new ability to surgically construct one’s genitals engendered the notion that sex could be determined and fixed in the clinic in a legally binding manner. Accordingly, I suggest that surgery became an epistemic act of fact-making. This evolution of the consensus around sex-assignment surgery also provides an early origin story for the idea of sex as plastic and malleable by surgeons, thus offering another aspect to the history of plastic sex.

Theoretical Guidelines Regarding Performance Audit in the Military Organization

In the contemporary organizational environment, the internal public audit allows the management to develop its action capacity, thus ensuring that its strategy is correctly put in practice and the effects related to economy, efficiency and effectiveness are the expected ones. The implementation of the internal audit in the military organization represents a continuous and modern action that is part of the general effort to streamline the management of public institutions in Romania. The audit solutions must contribute to strengthening the stability of the military institution and to achieving its objectives, both domestically and internationally, in terms of anticipation and proper risk management, optimal use of the allocated resources and compliance with the existing legal framework.

Jewish Wheaties

Roth travels with Barbara Sproul to Asia, while maintaining his opposition to the Vietnam War; his writing turns to satire in a general effort to undermine seriousness in politics and literature Baseball, long a love of Roth’s, emerges in his lengthy burlesque novel, The Great American Novel followed by his semi-autobiographical My Life as a Man (1974), a rebuke to his first wife, Maggie. In the midst of his writing, a bitter legal encounter with Norman Mailer involving the young writer Alan Lelchuk occurs, at the same time he develops a friendship with the important Jewish writer Cynthia Ozick, who admired Roth’s rewrite of Kafka, The Breast. But he also experiences sustained criticism from Irving Howe which he never forgot. Roth unexpectedly changes publishers leaving Random House for Holt with a new editor and soon-to-be friend, Aaron Asher.

Ceaușescu face à la création littéraire et artistique, ou comment modérer la censure pour ne pas casser l’élan nationaliste

"The authoritarian and charismatic leaders, driven by totalitarian ideologies had the ambition to ensure the ideological mobilization of the population thanks to the intellectuals who were to engage in the general effort towards creating a new society and a new man. Thus, Ceaușescu happily combined communism and nationalism after he came to power in 1965. The official suppression of censorship in 1977 shifted the real focus onto the moments of rupture when some intellectuals, writers and artists broke away from the mobilizing nationalcommunist project and posed the more abstract question of their freedom, steering Ceaușescu towards a repressive type of censorship, which was not initially his first choice."

On the integration of symbolic and sub-symbolic techniques for XAI: A survey

The more intelligent systems based on sub-symbolic techniques pervade our everyday lives, the less human can understand them. This is why symbolic approaches are getting more and more attention in the general effort to make AI interpretable, explainable, and trustable. Understanding the current state of the art of AI techniques integrating symbolic and sub-symbolic approaches is then of paramount importance, nowadays—in particular in the XAI perspective. This is why this paper provides an overview of the main symbolic/sub-symbolic integration techniques, focussing in particular on those targeting explainable AI systems.

Robust Contract Designs: Linear Contracts and Moral Hazard

Linear contracts and their variants are quite popular in practice, for example, salesforce incentives and chief executive officer compensation. However, agency theory typically stipulates complex contract forms. Yimin Yu and Xiangyin Kong provide an alternative explanation for the popularity of linear contracts: the robustness to model uncertainty renders the linear or generalized linear forms of the contracts under moral hazard. They adopt the worst-case decision criterion, and robust incentive compatibility to ensure that the agent always behaves. The results are robust to general effort-contingent distributions and the risk-averse agent. These findings also shed light on how to design robust contracts when firms are facing model uncertainty or incomplete model information.

Pioneers or Mere Labor Force? Post–World War II Italian Rural Migration to Brazil and the Legacies of Colonialism

In the early 1950s, the Italian government experimented with organized rural settlement in Brazil and the rest of Latin America. Part of a general effort to ease Italy’s “overpopulation,” rural settlement abroad had special meanings for both Italian and Brazilian elites. These experiments resonated with the memories of mass emigration at the turn of the twentieth century and with the legacy of colonial settlement in Libya and East Africa. These projects also fulfilled ongoing racial and eugenic aspirations in Brazil. Italian rural settlement in Brazil took the form of both employment in the coffee fazendas (estates) and the foundation of relatively homogenous “colonies.” However unsuccessful on their own terms, these experiments provide evidence of the links between colonial knowledge and development practices, and they challenge the widespread assumption that Italians simply repressed their colonial past after the end of fascism and military defeat.

Method of measuring the effort related to post-editing machine translated outputs produced in the English>Polish language pair by Google, Microsoft and DeepL MT engines: A pilot study

This article presents the methodology and results of a pilot study concerning the impact of three popular and widely accessible machine translation engines (developed by Google, Microsoft and DeepL companies) on the pace of post-editing work and on the general effort related to post-editing of raw MT outputs. Fourteen volunteers were asked to translate and post-edit two source texts of similar characters and levels of complexity. The results of their work were collected and compared to develop a set of quantitative and qualitative data, which was later used to make assumptions related to the general rate of postediting work and the quality of the post-edited sentences produced by the subjects. The aim of the pilot study described below was to determine whether the applied method can be successfully used in more profound studies on the quality and impact of machine translation in the English->Polish language pair and on the potential of MT solutions on the Polish translation market.

— Trans —

To introduce ourselves first, we are a group of human beings working together only because of one hidden school — EASA ( European architecture student assembly). It works like a perfect filter. Filter for those that are looking for more than general education. Forming this vision about education was a general effort of 5 of us till the very end. Following text is not just about transdisciplinarity but about educating ourselves in communication, values, equality and daily choices. We´ve learned how to take a creative critique, how to trust each other, but mostly to understand that no one of us would make this alone.

Gestão compartilhada da educação: a experiência catarinense

Objetiva socializar algumas experiências de gestão compartilhada que a Associação dos Administradores Escolares de Santa Catarina (AAESC) vem desenvolvendo em diversas regiões, em parceria com a Secretaria de Estado da Educação, secretarias municipais da educação, universidades e outros segmentos representativos da sociedade civil, bem como pretende expressar, com clareza, o envolvimento da AAESC com a qualidade da escola pública, tendo como mediação a gestão compartilhada, permitindo que tanto a associação como os educadores catarinenses possam propor alternativas práticas de administração do projeto pedagógico. Inicia com um breve histórico da AAESC, seguido da discussão dos pressupostos teóricos preliminares e da apresentação das experiências em andamento; ao final, são feitas algumas considerações gerais. Abstract I present this article on behalf of all associates in order to socialize some experiences that the shared administration of the Association of School Admistrators of Santa Catarina (AAESC) has been developping in several regions. This program has been developed in association with the State Board of Education, the Municipal Board of Education, the Universities, and with others representative sections of the civil society. Because of that the purpose of this article is to present clearly the AAESC involvement with the Public School quality, having as mediation the shared administration that allows both the Association and Santa Catarina 's Educators, to propose practical administrative alternatives of the Pedagogic Project. Thus, I proceed to present the general effort in a regional levei, beginning with a brief description of ASASC. In item two I will discuss the preliminary theoretical principies, and in item three I will present some general aspectos of experiences in course. Résumé Cet article que je présente au nom de tous les associés vise à diffuser quelques-unes des expériences de Gestion Partagée que l'Association des Gestionnaires Scolaires de Santa Catarina (AAESC) est en train de développer dans plusieurs régions. Ce travail se fait en collaboration avec le Secrétariat à l'Educacion de l'Etat, avec les secrétariats à l 'education des municipalités, avec les universités et avec d'autres segments représentatifs de la société civile. Voilà pourquoi cet article a pour objectif d'exprimer avec clarté la préoccupation de l'AAESC avec la qualité de l'école publique. Dans cette action, elle a pour médiation la Gestion Partagée qui permet que l 'association tout autant que les éducateurs puissent proposer des alternatives pratiques de Gestion du Projet Pédagogique. Enfin, après un bref historique de l'AAESC, je présente une expérience d'effort collectif au niveau régional; dans la demiente partie, je discuterai des presuposés théoriques préliminaires; dans la troixiéme partie, je présentrai des expériences qui ont lieu en ce moment et, à la fin, quelques considérations générales. Resumen Este artículo está presentado en nombre de todos los asociados, con el objetivo de manifestar algunas experiencias de la Gestión Compartida en la Asociación de los Administradores Escolares de Santa Catarina (AAESC) que viene realizando en conjunto con diversas regiones. Este trabajo que se hace en parceria con Ia Secretaria del Estado de Educación, secretarias municipales de educación, universidades o con otras instituciones representativas de la sociedad civil. Por esto, este artículo pretende expresar con claridad la involucración de la AAESC con la calidad de la escuela pública teniendo como mediación Ia Gestión Compartida que permite a la associàción como los educadores catarinenses, puedan proponer alternativas prácticas de administración al proyecto pedagógico. Por eso estoy presentando el esfuerzo colectivo en nivel regional, iniciando con un brevísimo histórico de la AAESC, en el párrafo dos, procurando una discusión de presupuestos teóricos preliminares, en el tercer párrafo, quedan presentadas las experiencias en los procesos y al final consideraciones generales.