Comparison of the Physical Demands of Single-Sex Training for Male and Female Recruits in the British Army

In 1954, McGregor described two species of phytoseiids from lemon, in California, USA: Typhlodromus californicus McGregor and T. mungeri McGregor, the former represented by one male, and the latter by two females. Since its description, T. mungeri was synonymised under T. californicus, and the name T. (now Neoseiulus) californicus has been used extensively to represent a species that is now commonly used as a biocontrol agent of crop pests worldwide. However, the true identity of the biocontrol agent is uncertain because the original descriptions of T. californicus and T. mungeri were not adequate enough to allow an irrefutable identification, with each description being based on specimens of a single sex. An examination of the types of N. californicus and N. mungeri revealed that they are morphologically identical to the male and female of N. barkeri Hughes, 1948, respectively, and that they are in fact junior synonyms of N. barkeri—and are therefore distinct from the biocontrol agent globally called N. californicus (sensu Athias-Henriot, 1977; see Griffiths, 2015). This is further supported by a comparison with male and female syntypes of N. barkeri, as well as other specimens of N. barkeri including some collected from the type host in the vicinity of the type location (i.e. lemon in southern California, 1952–1958). We redescribe the male and female of both N. barkeri and N. californicus sensu Athias-Henriot (1977), based on representative specimens from at least 14 and 19 populations, respectively. Based on examination of types, we confirm the synonymy of N. mckenziei (Schuster & Pritchard, 1963), N. picketti (Specht, 1968), and N. oahuensis (Prasad, 1968) with N. barkeri, and that the names N. chilenensis (Dosse, 1958b) and N. wearnei (Schicha, 1987) represent the same species as N. californicus sensu Athias-Henriot (1977). We also provide a hypothesis as to why Chant (1959) had erroneously synonymised T. californicus and T. mungeri under T. marinus (Willmann). Finally, we suggest maintaining the prevailing usage of the name N. californicus (McGregor) for the species concept of Athias-Henriot (1977) as followed by subsequent authors, through submission of a separate application to the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). In the meantime, the current meaning of N. californicus should be maintained until a ruling by the ICZN is made on the application.

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A note on the housing of intact male and female pigs together in the same pen during the growing period to bacon weight

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s0003356100024661 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 31 (3) ◽

pp. 321-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. S. Barber ◽

R. Braude ◽

K. G. Mitchell ◽

Joanne Thomas

Keyword(s):

Feed Intake ◽

Live Weight ◽

Intake Rate ◽

Feeding Trial ◽

Intact Male ◽

Male And Female ◽

Gain Ratio ◽

Growing Period ◽

Single Sex ◽

Dressing Percentage

ABSTRACTA feeding trial was carried out, using 180 pigs, to assess the effect on performance when intact male and female pigs were housed together in the same pens from 20 to 90 kg live weight. There were no significant differences in daily feed intake, rate of growth or feed: gain ratio between pigs from mixed-sex pens and pigs from single-sex pens. Carcass measurements indicated slightly leaner carcasses for intact male pigs whether housed in separate pens or together with female pigs, while female pigs likewise had a significantly higher dressing percentage.

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Novel Method for the Separation of Male and Female Gametocytes of the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum That Enables Biological and Drug Discovery

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00671-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Melanie C. Ridgway ◽

Kwong Sum Shea ◽

Daniela Cihalova ◽

Alexander G. Maier

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Malaria Transmission ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Severe Form ◽

Male And Female ◽

Content Type ◽

Single Sex ◽

Parasite Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Female Bias

ABSTRACT We developed a flow-cytometry-based method to separate and collect cocultured male and female Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes responsible for malaria transmission. The purity of the collected cells was estimated at >97% using flow cytometry, and sorted cells were observed by Giemsa-stained thin-smear and live-cell fluorescence microscopy. The expression of validated sex-specific markers corroborated the sorting strategy. Collected male and female gametocytes were used to confirm three novel sex-specific markers by quantitative real-time PCR that were more enriched in sorted male and female gametocyte populations than existing sex-specific markers. We also applied the method as a proof-of-principle drug screen that allows the identification of drugs that kill gametocytes in a sex-specific manner. Since the developed method allowed for the separation of male and female parasites from the same culture, we observed for the first time a difference in development time between the sexes: females developed faster than males. Hence, the ability to separate male and female gametocytes opens the door to a new field of sex-specific P. falciparum gametocyte biology to further our understanding of malaria transmission. IMPORTANCE The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of human malaria. The development of sexual forms (so-called gametocytes) is crucial for disease transmission. However, knowledge of these forms is severely hampered by the paucity of sex-specific markers and the inability to extract single sex gametocytes in high purity. Moreover, the identification of compounds that specifically affect one sex is difficult due to the female bias of the gametocytes. We have developed a system that allows for the separation of male and female gametocytes from the same population. Applying our system, we show that male and female parasites mature at different rates, which might have implications for transmission. We also identified new sex-specific genes that can be used as sex markers or to unravel sex-specific functions. Our system will not only aid in the discovery of much needed gametocidal compounds, but it also represents a valuable tool for exploring malaria transmission biology.

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The genomes of a monogenic fly: views of primitive sex chromosomes

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-72880-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anne A. Andere ◽

Meaghan L. Pimsler ◽

Aaron M. Tarone ◽

Christine J. Picard

Keyword(s):

Sex Chromosomes ◽

Genomic Analysis ◽

Female Offspring ◽

Dominant Factor ◽

Blow Fly ◽

Chrysomya Rufifacies ◽

Specific Expression ◽

Male And Female ◽

Single Sex ◽

The Individual

Abstract The production of male and female offspring is often determined by the presence of specific sex chromosomes which control sex-specific expression, and sex chromosomes evolve through reduced recombination and specialized gene content. Here we present the genomes of Chrysomya rufifacies, a monogenic blow fly (females produce female or male offspring, exclusively) by separately sequencing and assembling each type of female and the male. The genomes (> 25X coverage) do not appear to have any sex-linked Muller F elements (typical for many Diptera) and exhibit little differentiation between groups supporting the morphological assessments of C. rufifacies homomorphic chromosomes. Males in this species are associated with a unimodal coverage distribution while females exhibit bimodal coverage distributions, suggesting a potential difference in genomic architecture. The presence of the individual-sex draft genomes herein provides new clues regarding the origination and evolution of the diverse sex-determining mechanisms observed within Diptera. Additional genomic analysis of sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes of other blow flies will allow a refined evolutionary understanding of how flies with a typical X/Y heterogametic amphogeny (male and female offspring in similar ratios) sex determination systems evolved into one with a dominant factor that results in single sex progeny in a chromosomally monomorphic system.

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Speaker sex and perceived apportionment of talk

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716400008882 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 253-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Anne Cutler ◽

Donia R. Scott

Keyword(s):

Experimental Evidence ◽

Power Relations ◽

Social Roles ◽

Male And Female ◽

Single Sex

ABSTRACTIt is a widely held belief that women talk more than men; but experimental evidence has suggested that this belief is mistaken. The present study investigated whether listener bias contributes to this mistake. Dialogues were recorded in mixed-sex and single-sex versions, and male and female listeners judged the proportions of talk contributed to the dialogues by each participant. Female contributions to mixed-sex dialogues were rated as greater than male contributions by both male and female listeners. Female contributions were more likely to be overestimated when they were speaking a dialogue part perceived as probably female than when they were speaking a dialogue part perceived as probably male. It is suggested that the misestimates are due to a complex of factors that may involve both perceptual effects such as misjudgment of rates of speech and sociological effects such as attitudes to social roles and perception of power relations.

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Effect of single-sex or mixed rearing and live weight on performance, technological meat quality and sexual maturity in entire male and female pigs fed raw potato starch

Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section A – Animal Science ◽

10.1080/09064700500453021 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 55 (2-3) ◽

pp. 80-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

H. Kristina Andersson ◽

Kjell Andersson ◽

Galia Zamaratskaia ◽

Lotta rydhmer ◽

Gang Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Sexual Maturity ◽

Potato Starch ◽

Live Weight ◽

Male And Female ◽

Single Sex ◽

Entire Male

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Harmonic convergence coordinates swarm mating by enhancing mate detection in the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-03236-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stefano S. Garcia Castillo ◽

Kevin S. Pritts ◽

Raksha S. Krishnan ◽

Laura C. Harrington ◽

Garrett P. League

Keyword(s):

Anopheles Gambiae ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Mating Activity ◽

Male And Female ◽

Audio Analysis ◽

Single Sex ◽

Reproductive Control ◽

Harmonic Convergence ◽

Mosquito Anopheles Gambiae ◽

First Time

AbstractThe mosquito Anopheles gambiae is a major African malaria vector, transmitting parasites responsible for significant mortality and disease burden. Although flight acoustics are essential to mosquito mating and present promising alternatives to insecticide-based vector control strategies, there is limited data on mosquito flight tones during swarming. Here, for the first time, we present detailed analyses of free-flying male and female An. gambiae flight tones and their harmonization (harmonic convergence) over a complete swarm sequence. Audio analysis of single-sex swarms showed synchronized elevation of male and female flight tones during swarming. Analysis of mixed-sex swarms revealed additional 50 Hz increases in male and female flight tones due to mating activity. Furthermore, harmonic differences between male and female swarm tones in mixed-sex swarms and in single-sex male swarms with artificial female swarm audio playback indicate that frequency differences of approximately 50 Hz or less at the male second and female third harmonics (M2:F3) are maintained both before and during mating interactions. This harmonization likely coordinates male scramble competition by maintaining ideal acoustic recognition within mating pairs while acoustically masking phonotactic responses of nearby swarming males to mating females. These findings advance our knowledge of mosquito swarm acoustics and provide vital information for reproductive control strategies.

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