The migration mystery

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Eric Richards
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Individual Account ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Migration History ◽  
British Case ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
Agrarian Transformation

Historians have resorted to a language of mystery and metaphor when they come to grapple with the great structural changes which underpin the array of contributory causes of migration. The British Isles was the prototype case of agrarian transformation associated with industrial growth and mass migration. Frank Thistlethwaite in the early 1960s re-shaped the subject by insisting on linking the two sides of the Atlantic into a connected explanation of the migratory turmoil. There were links along the chain of causation towards the migration of millions of the British people in their confusing permutations. Migration history comes in three main schematic forms: first the individual account, second the general narrative of migratory behaviour, and third the grand theories of migration. International emigration has depended on the basic facilities of migration. The British case was the prototype of modern rural-urban migration and has been replicated, with important variations, across the world.

scholarly journals Entangling Lattice-Trapped Bosons with a Free Impurity: Impact on Stationary and Dynamical Properties

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Maxim Pyzh ◽  
Kevin Keiler ◽  
Simeon I. Mistakidis ◽  
Peter Schmelcher
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Many Body ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Particle Level ◽  
The Many ◽  
The One ◽  
Tunneling Dynamics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Trapped Bosons

We address the interplay of few lattice trapped bosons interacting with an impurity atom in a box potential. For the ground state, a classification is performed based on the fidelity allowing to quantify the susceptibility of the composite system to structural changes due to the intercomponent coupling. We analyze the overall response at the many-body level and contrast it to the single-particle level. By inspecting different entropy measures we capture the degree of entanglement and intraspecies correlations for a wide range of intra- and intercomponent interactions and lattice depths. We also spatially resolve the imprint of the entanglement on the one- and two-body density distributions showcasing that it accelerates the phase separation process or acts against spatial localization for repulsive and attractive intercomponent interactions, respectively. The many-body effects on the tunneling dynamics of the individual components, resulting from their counterflow, are also discussed. The tunneling period of the impurity is very sensitive to the value of the impurity-medium coupling due to its effective dressing by the few-body medium. Our work provides implications for engineering localized structures in correlated impurity settings using species selective optical potentials.

scholarly journals A Circular Chloroplast Genome of Fagus sylvatica Reveals High Conservation between Two Individuals from Germany and One Individual from Poland and an Alternate Direction of the Small Single-Copy Region

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 180
Author(s):  
Bagdevi Mishra ◽  
Bartosz Ulaszewski ◽  
Sebastian Ploch ◽  
Jaroslaw Burczyk ◽  
Marco Thines
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Pollen Dispersal ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Migration History ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes ◽  
Long Read ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Small Single Copy

Chloroplasts are difficult to assemble because of the presence of large inverted repeats. At the same time, correct assemblies are important, as chloroplast loci are frequently used for biogeography and population genetics studies. In an attempt to elucidate the orientation of the single-copy regions and to find suitable loci for chloroplast single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based studies, circular chloroplast sequences for the ultra-centenary reference individual of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica), Bhaga, and an additional Polish individual (named Jamy) was obtained based on hybrid assemblies. The chloroplast genome of Bhaga was 158,458 bp, and that of Jamy was 158,462 bp long. Using long-read mapping on the configuration inferred in this study and the one suggested in a previous study, we found an inverted orientation of the small single-copy region. The chloroplast genome of Bhaga and of the individual from Poland both have only two mismatches as well as three and two indels as compared to the previously published genome, respectively. The low divergence suggests low seed dispersal but high pollen dispersal. However, once chloroplast genomes become available from Pleistocene refugia, where a high degree of variation has been reported, they might prove useful for tracing the migration history of Fagus sylvatica in the Holocene.

scholarly journals The Right to Dignity of Refugees: A Response to Fleur Johns

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 193-195
Author(s):  
Elspeth Guild
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
Refugee Protection ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
International Refugee Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Fleur Johns' thesis about the increasing role of data in the verification of the condition of the world and how this impacts on international law is stimulating and bears reflection. This is an extremely interesting and innovative approach to the issue of data and its role in state engagement with mass migration. From the perspective of a scholar on international refugee law, a number of issues arise as a result of the analysis. One of the contested aspects of mass migration and refugee protection is the inherent inconsistency between two ways of thinking about human rights—the first is the duty of (some) international organizations to protect human rights in a manner which elides human rights and humanitarian law, and the second is the right of the individual to dignity, the basis of all human rights according to the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1949. The first enhances the claims of states to sovereign right to control their borders (mediated through some international organizations), while the second recognizes the international human rights duties of states and international organizations to respect the dignity of people as individuals (including refugees). Fleur is completely correct that human rights abuses are at the core of refugee movements. While there are always many people in a country who will stay and fight human rights abuses even when this results in their sacrifice, others will flee danger trying to get themselves and their families to places of safety; we are not all heroes. Yet, when people flee in more than very small numbers, state authorities have a tendency to begin the language of mass migration. The right to be a refugee becomes buried under the threat of mass migration to the detriment of international obligations. Insofar as mass migration is a matter for management, the right of a refugee is an individual right to international protection which states have bound themselves to offer.

scholarly journals Visualizing the Bohr effect in hemoglobin: neutron structure of equine cyanomethemoglobin in the R state and comparison with human deoxyhemoglobin in the T state

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 892-903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Dajnowicz ◽  
Sean Seaver ◽  
B. Leif Hanson ◽  
S. Zoë Fisher ◽  
Paul Langan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Bohr Effect ◽  
Salt Bridges ◽  
Histidine Residues ◽  
Regions Of Stability ◽  
The Individual ◽  
T State

Neutron crystallography provides direct visual evidence of the atomic positions of deuterium-exchanged H atoms, enabling the accurate determination of the protonation/deuteration state of hydrated biomolecules. Comparison of two neutron structures of hemoglobins, human deoxyhemoglobin (T state) and equine cyanomethemoglobin (R state), offers a direct observation of histidine residues that are likely to contribute to the Bohr effect. Previous studies have shown that the T-state N-terminal and C-terminal salt bridges appear to have a partial instead of a primary overall contribution. Four conserved histidine residues [αHis72(EF1), αHis103(G10), αHis89(FG1), αHis112(G19) and βHis97(FG4)] can become protonated/deuterated from the R to the T state, while two histidine residues [αHis20(B1) and βHis117(G19)] can lose a proton/deuteron. αHis103(G10), located in the α1:β1dimer interface, appears to be a Bohr group that undergoes structural changes: in the R state it is singly protonated/deuterated and hydrogen-bonded through a water network to βAsn108(G10) and in the T state it is doubly protonated/deuterated with the network uncoupled. The very long-term H/D exchange of the amide protons identifies regions that are accessible to exchange as well as regions that are impermeable to exchange. The liganded relaxed state (R state) has comparable levels of exchange (17.1% non-exchanged) compared with the deoxy tense state (T state; 11.8% non-exchanged). Interestingly, the regions of non-exchanged protons shift from the tetramer interfaces in the T-state interface (α1:β2and α2:β1) to the cores of the individual monomers and to the dimer interfaces (α1:β1and α2:β2) in the R state. The comparison of regions of stability in the two states allows a visualization of the conservation of fold energy necessary for ligand binding and release.

scholarly journals Historias De La Mujer Según Julián Marí­as

Xihmai ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Ignacio Panedas Galindo [1]
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Way

ResumenHistoria e historias son dos caras de la misma moneda. La primera de ellas describe la narración de hechos. La segunda, explica la individual y personal vivencia de los hechos vividos. Si hablamos de la mujer, ambos se presentan indivisiblemente unidos. Hacemos, junto con el filósofo Julián Marí­as, un camino breve para entender la manera de cómo ser mujer en diferentes momentos históricos.Palabras clave: Mujer, Historia, historias, Julián Marí­as. Abstract History and stories are two sides of the same coin. The first one describes the narration of facts. The second, explains the individual and personal experience of the facts lived. If we talk about woman, both appear indivisibly united. We do, together with the philosopher Julián Marí­as, a brief path to understand the way of being a woman in different historical moments.Keywords: Woman, History, stories, Julián Marí­as. [1] Maestro en Filosofí­a y Doctor en Ciencias para la Familia. Tiene publicaciones en varios paí­ses sobre temas relacionadoscon su formación. Actualmente es Director de Posgradoe investigación de la Universidad La Salle Pachuca.

scholarly journals Positive Effect of Electroacupuncture Treatment on Gut Motility in Constipated Mice Is Related to Rebalancing the Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Mingmin Xu ◽  
Lu Wang ◽  
Yu Guo ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Functional Constipation ◽  
Therapeutic Modality ◽  
Functional Bowel Disorder ◽  
Intestinal Dysbiosis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Electroacupuncture Treatment

Functional constipation (FC) is a common and often recurrent functional bowel disorder that seriously affects the quality of life of affected individuals and incurs a significant economic burden on both the individual and society. There is accumulating evidence that intestinal dysbiosis contributes to constipation and that rebalancing the gut microbiota may be a novel therapeutic modality for FC. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been shown to restore the gut microbiota to normal levels in a variety of diseases. Additionally, several high-quality clinical studies have confirmed that EA is an effective, sustained, and safe treatment for FC. However, whether the effects of EA are secondary to changes in the gut microbiota and how EA modulates intestinal dysbiosis induced by constipation are unknown. Therefore, here, we focused on the potential regulatory mechanisms of EA on diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice by analyzing structural changes in the gut microbiota. Our results showed that EA treatment effectively rebalanced the gut microbiota of constipated mice, mainly by decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, which may represent one way in which EA promotes gastrointestinal motility and alleviates constipation. Our findings lay the foundation for further mechanistic and clinical research into the application of EA in patients with FC.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND EMPLOYMENT FLUCTUATIONS ON RURAL SETTLEMENT TRENDS

Baltic Region ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Gennady M. Fedorov ◽  
Sebastian Kinder ◽  
Tatyana Yu. Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Metropolitan Regions ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
Employment Fluctuations ◽  
National Settlement ◽  
National Settlement System ◽  
Regional Settlement

Structural changes in the economy and spatial and inter-settlement differences in living standards and quality of life lead to fundamental alterations in the national settlement system. Settlement polarisation is gathering momentum, along with the movement of rural population from Russia’s east and north to its southern and metropolitan regions. These processes benefit urban agglomerations. Typological differences between regional settlement systems, still poorly understood but essential for strategic and spatial planning, are growing. This article draws on the concept of the geographical demographic situation; it uses official statistics on Russian regions and Kaliningrad municipalities and settlements to explore the connection between rural settlement trends and employment fluctuations caused by structural shifts in Russian regional economies. It is shown how settlement polarisation affects differences in settlement trends of meso- and microdistrict levels. Regions are identified that have a capacity for rural-urban migration and corresponding rural employment structure and trends.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Lee ◽  
David L. Preston ◽  
David Silbey ◽  
Anthony E. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
Irregular Warfare ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Two Sides

Introduces the problem of intercultural combat and how it changes the individual experience of battle. It also defines the partly overlapping categories of asymmetrical, unconventional, or irregular warfare. Intercultural warfare is a clash of mindsets as much as weapons. Intercultural combat defies expectations, and frequently presents a problem in sustaining a winning strategic narrative, since the two sides’ definitions of victory differ. This introduction sets the stage with a brief look at the colonial period and the role of Indians as “unexpected enemies.” In general Americans have always thought about war as likely to be against someone culturally similar. In reality, most American wars have been against cultural “others.”

scholarly journals Impact of Dining Hall Structural Changes on Food Choices: A Pre-Post Observational Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Julia Carins ◽  
Sharyn Rundle-Thiele ◽  
Rimante Ronto
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Dietary Behaviours ◽  
Dining Room ◽  
Service Environments ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Promising Avenue

Change that benefits individuals and organisations while delivering health outcomes and benefits society requires a research focus that extends ‘beyond the individual’ to environment shapers. A pre-post observational study assessed two food provision structural changes to understand the role food service environments had on food selections. Diners were observed prior to (lunch n = 1294; dinner n = 787) and following (lunch n = 1230; dinner n = 843) structural changes in a buffet-style dining room—including provision of a healthy convenient meal alternative for lunch (healthy lunch bag), and a pleasurable dinner (make-your-own pizza). Food choices shifted with 19% of diners opting for a healthy lunch bag and 29% of diners selecting a pizza dinner, moving away from the existing buffet. Examination of selections by those continuing to select from the concurrent buffet selections established that the availability of healthy alternatives in the buffet partially explained food choices, moderating any observed changes in food selections. The food service sector is a promising avenue through which dietary behaviours can be improved. Further studies, particularly those that measure selections over the longer term, and that include measures of satisfaction and profit, are needed.

scholarly journals Structural changes in wooden floor panels during the construction of waiting rooms for railway stations

2018 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 01017
Author(s):  
Sviatoslav Volinets ◽  
Igor Razov ◽  
Vladimir Filisuk
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Wooden Floor ◽  
Railway Stations ◽  
Floor Slab ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Floor Structure ◽  
Detached House ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Wooden Panel

Mass migration of the urban population to the suburbs forces the producers of wooden panel houses, which are considered to be the most economical options for detached house, to constantly modify their products. Over the past 50 years, manufacturers have significantly improved the wooden panel walls. At the moment, work on improving the efficiency of such structures is in progress. However, according to the authors, the floor structure is given undeservedly little attention. In this paper, the process of testing and modifying of a standard floor slab panel, which has not changed in recent years, is described. The authors propose to increase the efficiency of the floor slab panel by adding a drop-beam, which allows not only reducing the prime cost but also to increasing the durability of the panel.

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