scholarly journals A ‘Denisovan’ genetic history of recent human evolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
João C Teixeira ◽  
Alan Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
The World ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Genomic Signal

As anatomically modern humans (AMH) migrated out of Africa and around the rest of the world, they met and interbred with multiple extinct hominid species. The traces of genetic input from these past interbreeding events, recorded in the genomes of modern populations, have created a powerful record of recent human migrations. The first of these events occurred between Neandertals, and a small group of AMH shortly after they left Africa, somewhere in western Eurasia around 55-50 ka, and left a genomic signal of about 2% Neandertal DNA that was subsequently spread across the rest of the world. In contrast to the Neandertals, the interbreeding events with other extinct hominid groups – such as the Denisovans, the east Eurasian sister group of Neandertals – remain poorly understood, but are potentially far more complex.

scholarly journals A ‘Denisovan’ genetic history of recent human evolution

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
João C Teixeira ◽  
Alan Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
The World ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Genomic Signal

As anatomically modern humans (AMH) migrated out of Africa and around the rest of the world, they met and interbred with multiple extinct hominid species. The traces of genetic input from these past interbreeding events, recorded in the genomes of modern populations, have created a powerful record of recent human migrations. The first of these events occurred between Neandertals, and a small group of AMH shortly after they left Africa, somewhere in western Eurasia around 55-50 ka, and left a genomic signal of about 2% Neandertal DNA that was subsequently spread across the rest of the world. In contrast to the Neandertals, the interbreeding events with other extinct hominid groups – such as the Denisovans, the east Eurasian sister group of Neandertals – remain poorly understood, but are potentially far more complex.

Human Evolution

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 182-198
Author(s):  
Catherine Badgley
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Single Living

The evolutionary history of humans is well understood in outline, compared to that of many other groups of mammals. But human evolution remains enigmatic in its details, and these are compelling both scientifically and personally because they relate to the biological uniqueness of humans. Humans are placed in the primate family Hominidae, which, in traditional classifications, contains a single living species, Homo sapiens. The closest living relatives of humans are great apes: the chimpanzees Pan paniscus and Pan troglodytes, the gorilla Gorilla gorilla, and the orangutan Pongo pygmaeus. These apes have traditionally been placed in the family Pongidae as the sister group of Hominidae. Living Hominidae and Pongidae, together with Hylobatidae (gibbons) comprise the modern representatives of the primate suborder Hominoidea.

The Letters of Adam Marsh and the Franciscan School at Oxford

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Official Position ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The University

Salimbene called the Franciscan Adam Marsh ‘one of the greatest clerks of the world’, an accolade he reserved for a small group of men whom he regarded as the master minds of his time. A glance at Adam's letters suggests that Salimbene's opinion was widely shared by Adam's contemporaries. Few men without official position can have had their advice so eagerly sought by so many different people in high places. He was the counsellor of Henry III and the queen, the confidant of Simon de Montfort and his wife, the mentor of bishops and consultant to the rulers of his order. He enjoyed the trust of men as different as Archbishop Boniface of Savoy, who tried to recruit him to his familia, and Grosseteste, a lifelong friend, with whom he collaborated in the study and transmission of Greek texts. He moved with equal assurance in the world of ecclesiastical politics and the scholastic world of the university. The nature of his political influence has been the subject of frequent surmise, but the importance of his part in directing the Franciscan school at Oxford and creating the scholastic organisation of the English province has long been recognised. Yet several phases of his career and life remain obscure or at best enigmatic. My object here is to elucidate some of the more opaque points of his career and to re-examine his place in the history of the early Franciscan school.

Larger Genetic Differences Within Africans Than Between Africans and Eurasians

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Yu ◽  
Feng-Chi Chen ◽  
Satoshi Ota ◽  
Lynn B Jorde ◽  
Pekka Pamilo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Noncoding Dna ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Noncoding Regions ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Geographic Origins ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa

Abstract The worldwide pattern of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation is of great interest to human geneticists, population geneticists, and evolutionists, but remains incompletely understood. We studied the pattern in noncoding regions, because they are less affected by natural selection than are coding regions. Thus, it can reflect better the history of human evolution and can serve as a baseline for understanding the maintenance of SNPs in human populations. We sequenced 50 noncoding DNA segments each ∼500 bp long in 10 Africans, 10 Europeans, and 10 Asians. An analysis of the data suggests that the sampling scheme is adequate for our purpose. The average nucleotide diversity (π) for the 50 segments is only 0.061% ± 0.010% among Asians and 0.064% ± 0.011% among Europeans but almost twice as high (0.115% ± 0.016%) among Africans. The African diversity estimate is even higher than that between Africans and Eurasians (0.096% ± 0.012%). From available data for noncoding autosomal regions (total length = 47,038 bp) and X-linked regions (47,421 bp), we estimated the π-values for autosomal regions to be 0.105, 0.070, 0.069, and 0.097% for Africans, Asians, Europeans, and between Africans and Eurasians, and the corresponding values for X-linked regions to be 0.088, 0.042, 0.053, and 0.082%. Thus, Africans differ from one another slightly more than from Eurasians, and the genetic diversity in Eurasians is largely a subset of that in Africans, supporting the out of Africa model of human evolution. Clearly, one must specify the geographic origins of the individuals sampled when studying π or SNP density.

scholarly journals The history of number words in the world's languages—what have we learnt so far?

2021 ◽  
Vol 376 (1824) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreea S. Calude
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Number Words ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language History ◽  
Number Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

For over 100 years, researchers from various disciplines have been enthralled and occupied by the study of number words. This article discusses implications for the study of deep history and human evolution that arise from this body of work. Phylogenetic modelling shows that low-limit number words are preserved across thousands of years, a pattern consistently observed in several language families. Cross-linguistic frequencies of use and experimental studies also point to widespread homogeneity in the use of number words. Yet linguistic typology and field documentation reports caution against positing a privileged linguistic category for number words, showing a wealth of variation in how number words are encoded across the world. In contrast with low-limit numbers, the higher numbers are characterized by a rapid and morphologically consistent pattern of expansion, and behave like grammatical phrasal units, following language-internal rules. Taken together, the evidence suggests that numbers are at the cross-roads of language history. For languages that do have productive and consistent number systems, numerals one to five are among the most reliable available linguistic fossils of deep history, defying change yet still bearing the marks of the past, while higher numbers emerge as innovative tools looking to the future, derived using language-internal patterns and created to meet the needs of modern speakers. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Reconstructing prehistoric languages’.

scholarly journals Different Stages of Evolution of Humankind

2017 ◽  
pp. 46-77
Author(s):  
Slaven Jozic
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Scientific Disciplines ◽  
Late Cretaceous Period ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
History Of

Human evolution is the evolutionary process that led to the emergence of anatomically modern humans, beginning with the evolutionary history of primates—in particular genus Homo—and leading to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, the great apes. This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language, as well as interbreeding with other hominines, which indicate that human evolution was not linear but a web. The study of human evolution involves several scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics. Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago. Within the Hominoidea (apes) superfamily, the Hominidae family diverged from the Hylobatidae (gibbon) family some 15–20 million years ago; African great apes (subfamily Homininae) diverged from orangutans (Ponginae) about 14 million years ago; the Hominini tribe (humans, Australopithecines and other extinct biped genera, and chimpanzee) parted from the Gorillini tribe (gorillas) between 8–9 million years ago; and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and biped ancestors) and Panina (chimps) separated 4–7.5 million years ago.

Migration

2018 ◽  
pp. 358-382
Author(s):  
Sucheng Chan
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Forced Migrations ◽  
The World ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
Out Of Africa

Migration has played a critical role in human survival on Earth since prehistoric times. Archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists, geneticists, and climatologists now agree that anatomically modern humans, Homo sapiens, originated in Africa. It took approximately 70,000 years for them to disperse out of Africa to populate the other habitable continents. Climate change and geography determined their migration routes. Historically, there have been more involuntary migrations than voluntary ones. Empire-building and wars were the two main contexts for forced migrations; in contrast, large-scale socioeconomic developments, particularly differences among various regions of the world, provide the contexts for voluntary migrations. This chapter discusses both forms of migration.

scholarly journals Bayesian analyses of Yemeni mitochondrial genomes suggest multiple migration events with Africa and Western Eurasia

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deven Nikunj Vyas ◽  
Andrew Kitchen ◽  
Aida Teresa Miró-Herrans ◽  
Laurel Nichole Pearson ◽  
Ali Al-Meeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Peninsula ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
Dispersal Route ◽  
Anatomically Modern Humans ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Out Of Africa ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Dispersal Events

Anatomically modern humans (AMHs) left Africa ~60,000 years ago, marking the first of multiple dispersal events by AMH between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The southern dispersal route (SDR) out of Africa (OOA) posits that early AMHs crossed the Bab el-Mandeb strait from the Horn of Africa into what is now Yemen and followed the coast of the Indian Ocean into eastern Eurasia. If AMHs followed the SDR and left modern descendants in situ, Yemeni populations should retain old autochthonous mitogenome lineages. Alternatively, if AMHs did not follow the SDR or did not leave modern descendants in the region, only young autochthonous lineages will remain as evidence of more recent dispersals. We sequenced 113 whole mitogenomes from multiple Yemeni regions with a focus on haplogroups M, N, and L3(xM,N) as they are considered markers of the initial OOA migrations. We performed Bayesian evolutionary analyses to generate time-measured phylogenies calibrated by Neanderthal and Denisovan mitogenome sequences in order to determine the age of Yemeni-specific clades in our dataset. Our results indicate that the M1, N1, and L3(xM,N) sequences in Yemen are the product of recent migration from Africa and western Eurasia. Although these data suggest that modern Yemeni mitogenomes are not markers of the original OOA migrants, we hypothesize that recent population dynamics may obscure any genetic signature of an ancient SDR migration.

scholarly journals Diverse approaches to analysing the history of human and pathogen evolution: how to tell the story of the past 70 000 years

2012 ◽  
Vol 367 (1590) ◽  
pp. 765-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Altmann ◽  
F. Balloux ◽  
R. J. Boyton
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Human History ◽  
Pathogen Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Out Of Africa

The meeting ‘Human evolution, migration and history revealed by genetics, immunity and infection’, along with the follow-on satellite meeting at the Kavli Centre over the subsequent two days, brought together diverse talents. The aim was to see if new insights could be gained by bringing together those who have interests in the past 50–100 000 years of human history, overlaying the perspectives of palaeogeneticists, anthropologists, human geneticists, pathogen geneticists, immunologists, disease modellers, linguists, immunogeneticists, historians and archaeologists. It rapidly became clear that while all may agree on the broad brush-strokes including ‘out-of-Africa’ and the general approximations of timelines, diverse approaches may often suggest somewhat different ways of telling the story.

A History of the World Semiconductor Industry

IEE Review ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
D.A. Gorham
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of
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