scholarly journals Involvement of nonhost resistance genes in disease resistance plausible for future crop improvement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eram Sultan ◽  
Kalpana Dalei ◽  
Prashant Singh ◽  
Binod Bihari Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Disease Resistant

A plant species is infected by handful of pathogenic organism despite the fact that it is constantly exposed to innumerable pathogens. The chemical anti-bio agents exploited against these pathogens were harmful to environment and human health as well. So the only alternative way is to grow disease resistant varieties of crops by introducing resistant (R) genes. However, new pathogenic races evolve constantly and are notorious for their ability to withstand race specific resistance mediated by R-genes . Plants deploy robust, broad-spectrum and durable resistance mechanisms called nonhost resistance (NHR) against most pathogenic organisms. Such disease resistance mechanisms are nonspecific and effective against all nonhost or non-adaptive pathogens. The NHR defence response includes production of phytoalexins and other antimicrobial compounds, hypersensitive response by rapid localized cell death, deposition of callose and expression of pathogenesis related genes at the site of infection that restricts further growth of pathogen. Although NHR has immense potential to improve crop production in agriculture, very little is known about the mechanism of NHR and its genetic pathways at molecular level. Detail knowledge about the NHR genes from a nonhost plant and engineering the NHR gene into the host plant will be helpful in making broad-spectrum and durable disease resistant crops. In this mini review, we report the list of NHR genes and their function against various phytopathogens. We further report a method to identify or map putative NHR gene/s in Arabidopsis against soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae nonhost with a goal to improve disease resistance in crop species.

scholarly journals Involvement of nonhost resistance genes in disease resistance plausible for future crop improvement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eram Sultan ◽  
Kalpana Dalei ◽  
Prashant Singh ◽  
Binod Bihari Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Disease Resistant

A plant species is infected by handful of pathogenic organism despite the fact that it is constantly exposed to innumerable pathogens. The chemical anti-bio agents exploited against these pathogens were harmful to environment and human health as well. So the only alternative way is to grow disease resistant varieties of crops by introducing resistant (R) genes. However, new pathogenic races evolve constantly and are notorious for their ability to withstand race specific resistance mediated by R-genes . Plants deploy robust, broad-spectrum and durable resistance mechanisms called nonhost resistance (NHR) against most pathogenic organisms. Such disease resistance mechanisms are nonspecific and effective against all nonhost or non-adaptive pathogens. The NHR defence response includes production of phytoalexins and other antimicrobial compounds, hypersensitive response by rapid localized cell death, deposition of callose and expression of pathogenesis related genes at the site of infection that restricts further growth of pathogen. Although NHR has immense potential to improve crop production in agriculture, very little is known about the mechanism of NHR and its genetic pathways at molecular level. Detail knowledge about the NHR genes from a nonhost plant and engineering the NHR gene into the host plant will be helpful in making broad-spectrum and durable disease resistant crops. In this mini review, we report the list of NHR genes and their function against various phytopathogens. We further report a method to identify or map putative NHR gene/s in Arabidopsis against soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae nonhost with a goal to improve disease resistance in crop species.

scholarly journals The mechanism of potato resistance to Globodera rostochiensis: comparison of root transcriptomes of resistant and susceptible Solanum phureja genotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex V. Kochetov ◽  
Anastasiya A. Egorova ◽  
Anastasiya Y. Glagoleva ◽  
Kseniya V. Strygina ◽  
Elena K. Khlestkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
De Novo ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Globodera Rostochiensis ◽  
Solanum Phureja ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Globodera rostochiensis belongs to major potato pathogens with a sophisticated mechanism of interaction with roots of the host plants. Resistance of commercial varieties is commonly based on specific R genes introgressed from natural populations of related wild species and from native potato varieties grown in the Andean highlands. Investigation of molecular resistance mechanisms and screening the natural populations for novel R genes are important for both fundamental knowledge on plant pathogen interactions and breeding for durable resistance. Here we exploited the Solanum phureja accessions collected in South America with contrasting resistance to G. rostochiensis. Results The infestation of S. phureja with G. rostochiensis juveniles resulted in wounding stress followed by activation of cell division and tissue regeneration processes. Unlike the susceptible S. phureja genotype, the resistant accession reacted by rapid induction of variety of stress response related genes. This chain of molecular events accompanies the hypersensitive response at the juveniles’ invasion sites and provides high-level resistance. Transcriptomic analysis also revealed considerable differences between the analyzed S. phureja genotypes and the reference genome. Conclusion The molecular processes in plant roots associated with changes in gene expression patterns in response to G. rostochiensis infestation and establishment of either resistant or susceptible phenotypes are discussed. De novo transcriptome assembling is considered as an important tool for discovery of novel resistance traits in S. phureja accessions.

scholarly journals Elevating crop disease resistance with cloned genes

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1639) ◽  
pp. 20130087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. G. Jones ◽  
Kamil Witek ◽  
Walter Verweij ◽  
Florian Jupe ◽  
David Cooke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Progress ◽  
Crop Disease ◽  
Made In

Essentially all plant species exhibit heritable genetic variation for resistance to a variety of plant diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, oomycetes or viruses. Disease losses in crop monocultures are already significant, and would be greater but for applications of disease-controlling agrichemicals. For sustainable intensification of crop production, we argue that disease control should as far as possible be achieved using genetics rather than using costly recurrent chemical sprays. The latter imply CO 2 emissions from diesel fuel and potential soil compaction from tractor journeys. Great progress has been made in the past 25 years in our understanding of the molecular basis of plant disease resistance mechanisms, and of how pathogens circumvent them. These insights can inform more sophisticated approaches to elevating disease resistance in crops that help us tip the evolutionary balance in favour of the crop and away from the pathogen. We illustrate this theme with an account of a genetically modified (GM) blight-resistant potato trial in Norwich, using the Rpi-vnt1.1 gene isolated from a wild relative of potato, Solanum venturii , and introduced by GM methods into the potato variety Desiree.

scholarly journals Breeding for Disease Resistance in Brassica Vegetables Using DNA Marker Selection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst Arjina Akter ◽  
Hasan Mehraj ◽  
Takeru Itabashi ◽  
Tomoe Shindo ◽  
Masaaki Osaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Asian Country ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Resistant Cultivars ◽  
Marker Selection ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Brassica Vegetables

The Brassica genus comprises of agro-economically important vegetables. Disease causes great yield loss of Brassica vegetables worldwide. Different traditional methods such as crop rotation and chemical control have limited effect on different diseases of Brassica vegetables and cannot completely eradicate the pathogens by these methods. Development of disease resistant cultivars is one of the most effective, ecofriendly, and cheapest measure to control Brassica diseases. With the development of genomics, molecular biology techniques, and biological methods, it is possible to discover and introduce resistance (R) genes to efficiently control the plant diseases caused by pathogens. Some R genes of major diseases such as Fusarium wilt and clubroot in Brassica vegetables have been already identified. Therefore, we will focus to review the Fusarium wilt and clubroot resistance in Brassica vegetables and the methodologies for identification, mapping, and pyramiding of R genes/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to develop disease resistant cultivars. These techniques will be helpful for sustainable crop production and to maintain global food security and contribute to ensure protection of food supply in the Asian country as well as throughout the world.

Prospects for Engineering Enhanced Durable Disease Resistance in Crops

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Crop Diseases ◽  
Plant Life Cycle

Plants have evolved a battery of defense mechanisms that in aggregate provide protection against a wide range of potential viral, bacterial, fungal, and other pathogens encountered throughout the plant life cycle. However, in the artificial setting of agriculture, disease, although the exception, can be costly and even devastating. Crop diseases have played significant roles in human history, exemplified by the widespread starvation and mass emigration triggered by the failure of European potato crops in the mid-nineteenth century as a result of late blight. Today, the use of pesticides, breeding for resistance, and integrated pest management provide important tools for reducing crop losses to pre-and postharvest diseases. However, agrichemicals are expensive, prohibitively so for many fanners in developing countries, and there are increasing concerns about environmental load from their intensive application. Likewise, major disease resistance (R) genes are in many cases not durable, resistance breaking down within one or two seasons as a result of selection pressure on the pathogen population, and most breeding efforts now rely on combinations of minor resistance genes, each giving partial protection. For a number of important diseases, such as take-all of wheat, there is no effective genetic resistance. Population growth, migration to cities, desertification, and climate change all now contribute to an urgent need to secure diversified food production against disease losses. In this chapter I discuss the prospects that genetic engineering of disease-resistance mechanisms can contribute to durable, broad protection and hence underpin enhanced crop productivity. Plants have a number of performed physical and chemical defensive mechanisms that help protect against the myriad potential pathogens to which plants arc exposed (Osbourn, 1996). However, superimposed upon this preexisting protective armory, plants respond to the perception of pathogen attack by activation of inducible defense mechanisms (Lamb et al., 1989; Staskawicz et al., 1995). Many of the most important crop diseases involve specialized interactions between pathogen and host. Interactions between specific plant cultivars and defined physiological races or strains of potential pathogens are described as compatible (host susceptible, pathogen virulent) or incompatible (host resistant, pathogen avirulent).

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals the mechanistic basis of Pib-mediated broad spectrum resistance against Magnaporthe oryzae

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-799
Author(s):  
Jiehua Qiu ◽  
Feifei Lu ◽  
Meng Xiong ◽  
Shuai Meng ◽  
Xianglin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Resistance Response ◽  
Broad Spectrum Resistance ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Mechanistic Basis

Abstract Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a highly damaging disease. Introducing genes, which confer a broad spectrum resistance to the disease, such as Pib, makes an important contribution to protecting rice production. However, little is known regarding the mechanistic basis of the products of such genes. In this study, transcriptome of the cultivar Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH) and its monogenic IRBLb-B which harbors Pib treated with M. oryzae were compared. Among the many genes responding transcriptionally to infection were some encoding products involved in the metabolism of ROS (reactive oxygen species), in jasmonate (JA) metabolism, and WRKY transcription factors, receptor kinases, and resistance response signal modulation. The down-regulation of genes encoding peroxiredoxin and glutathione S transferases implied that the redox homeostasis is essential for the expression of Pib-mediated resistance. The up-regulation of seven disease resistance-related genes, including three encoding a NBS-LRR protein, indicated that disease resistance-related genes are likely tend to support the expression of Pib resistance. These data revealed that potential candidate genes and transcriptional reprogramming were involved in Pib-mediated resistance mechanisms.

scholarly journals Loss of function of a DMR6 ortholog in tomato confers broad-spectrum disease resistance

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (27) ◽  
pp. e2026152118
Author(s):  
Daniela Paula de Toledo Thomazella ◽  
Kyungyong Seong ◽  
Rebecca Mackelprang ◽  
Douglas Dahlbeck ◽  
Yu Geng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Pathogen Infection ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Enzymatic Function ◽  
Fine Tune

Plant diseases are among the major causes of crop yield losses around the world. To confer disease resistance, conventional breeding relies on the deployment of single resistance (R) genes. However, this strategy has been easily overcome by constantly evolving pathogens. Disabling susceptibility (S) genes is a promising alternative to R genes in breeding programs, as it usually offers durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance. In Arabidopsis, the S gene DMR6 (AtDMR6) encodes an enzyme identified as a susceptibility factor to bacterial and oomycete pathogens. Here, we present a model-to-crop translational work in which we characterize two AtDMR6 orthologs in tomato, SlDMR6-1 and SlDMR6-2. We show that SlDMR6-1, but not SlDMR6-2, is up-regulated by pathogen infection. In agreement, Sldmr6-1 mutants display enhanced resistance against different classes of pathogens, such as bacteria, oomycete, and fungi. Notably, disease resistance correlates with increased salicylic acid (SA) levels and transcriptional activation of immune responses. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SlDMR6-1 and SlDMR6-2 display SA-5 hydroxylase activity, thus contributing to the elucidation of the enzymatic function of DMR6. We then propose that SlDMR6 duplication in tomato resulted in subsequent subfunctionalization, in which SlDMR6-2 specialized in balancing SA levels in flowers/fruits, while SlDMR6-1 conserved the ability to fine-tune SA levels during pathogen infection of the plant vegetative tissues. Overall, this work not only corroborates a mechanism underlying SA homeostasis in plants, but also presents a promising strategy for engineering broad-spectrum and durable disease resistance in crops.

scholarly journals Future of plant biotechnology in crop improvement

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20
Author(s):  
Vishwanath P. Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
High Quality ◽  
The World

Cultivation of crops having multiple durable resistance to diseases and pests will be made easier by plant biotechnology. Transgenes and marker-assisted selection will aid in the development of high yielding crops, which will be needed to feed the world and save land for the conservation of plant biodiversity in natural habitats. The genetic base of crop production will be conserved and further widened by the integration of biotechnology tools in conventional breeding. Utilization of specific genotypes to particular cropping systems will be facilitated. Value-added high quality crops will be obtained through multidisciplinary collaboration among plant breeders, biotechnologists, natural product chemists and other plant scientists. Himalayan Journal of Sciences 1(1): 17-20, 2003

scholarly journals Large-Scale Data Integration Reveals Colocalization of Gene Functional Groups with Meta-QTL for Multiple Disease Resistance in Barley

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (12) ◽  
pp. 1492-1501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Schweizer ◽  
Nils Stein
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Data Integration ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽  
Polygenic Inheritance

Race-nonspecific and durable resistance of plant genotypes to major pathogens is highly relevant for yield stability and sustainable crop production but difficult to handle in practice due to its polygenic inheritance by quantitative trait loci (QTL). As far as the underlying genes are concerned, very little is currently known in the most important crop plants such as the cereals. Here, we integrated publicly available data for barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare) in order to detect the most important genomic regions for QTL-mediated resistance to a number of fungal pathogens and localize specific functional groups of genes within these regions. This identified 20 meta-QTL, including eight hot spots for resistance to multiple diseases that were distributed over all chromosomes. At least one meta-QTL region for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis was found to be co-linear between barley and wheat, suggesting partial evolutionary conservation. Large-scale genetic mapping revealed that functional groups of barley genes involved in secretory processes and cell-wall reinforcement were significantly over-represented within QTL for resistance to powdery mildew. Overall, the results demonstrate added value resulting from large-scale genetic and genomic data integration and may inform genomic-selection procedures for race-nonspecific and durable disease resistance in barley.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Nonhost Resistance PSS30 Gene Enhances Broad‐spectrum Disease Resistance in the Soybean Cultivar Williams 82

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sekhar Kambakam ◽  
Micheline N. Ngaki ◽  
Binod B. Sahu ◽  
Devi R. Kandel ◽  
Prashant Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Soybean Cultivar ◽  
Nonhost Resistance
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