Prospects for Engineering Enhanced Durable Disease Resistance in Crops

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Lamb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Crop Diseases ◽  
Plant Life Cycle

Plants have evolved a battery of defense mechanisms that in aggregate provide protection against a wide range of potential viral, bacterial, fungal, and other pathogens encountered throughout the plant life cycle. However, in the artificial setting of agriculture, disease, although the exception, can be costly and even devastating. Crop diseases have played significant roles in human history, exemplified by the widespread starvation and mass emigration triggered by the failure of European potato crops in the mid-nineteenth century as a result of late blight. Today, the use of pesticides, breeding for resistance, and integrated pest management provide important tools for reducing crop losses to pre-and postharvest diseases. However, agrichemicals are expensive, prohibitively so for many fanners in developing countries, and there are increasing concerns about environmental load from their intensive application. Likewise, major disease resistance (R) genes are in many cases not durable, resistance breaking down within one or two seasons as a result of selection pressure on the pathogen population, and most breeding efforts now rely on combinations of minor resistance genes, each giving partial protection. For a number of important diseases, such as take-all of wheat, there is no effective genetic resistance. Population growth, migration to cities, desertification, and climate change all now contribute to an urgent need to secure diversified food production against disease losses. In this chapter I discuss the prospects that genetic engineering of disease-resistance mechanisms can contribute to durable, broad protection and hence underpin enhanced crop productivity. Plants have a number of performed physical and chemical defensive mechanisms that help protect against the myriad potential pathogens to which plants arc exposed (Osbourn, 1996). However, superimposed upon this preexisting protective armory, plants respond to the perception of pathogen attack by activation of inducible defense mechanisms (Lamb et al., 1989; Staskawicz et al., 1995). Many of the most important crop diseases involve specialized interactions between pathogen and host. Interactions between specific plant cultivars and defined physiological races or strains of potential pathogens are described as compatible (host susceptible, pathogen virulent) or incompatible (host resistant, pathogen avirulent).

scholarly journals Zinc Induced Enzymatic Defense Mechanisms in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Infected Clusterbean Seedlings

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Wadhwa ◽  
Udai Narayan Joshi ◽  
Naresh Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Tyrosine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Wet Weight

This investigation was planned to determine the effect of different concentrations of zinc (Zn) on biochemical constituents of clusterbean, which play an important role in disease resistance mechanisms. Clusterbean seedlings were grown with 0, 10, or 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments in earthen pots filled with 700 g inoculated soil. Soil was inoculated by pretreatment with 250 mg (wet weight) of Rhizoctonia inoculums per pot. A similar set was maintained in uninoculated soil. Root rot incidence decreased to 41 and 27 per cent with 10 and 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatments, respectively, as compared to 68 percent at control. Antioxidative enzyme activity (polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and tyrosine ammonia lyase) increased in inoculated seedlings and was increased further by 20 mg Zn kg−1 soil treatment. Antioxidative enzymes play an important role against fungal invasion, as peroxidase is involved in the formation of barrier via lignifications at the site of pathogen penetration. PAL and TAL play a key role in phenylpropanoid metabolism and could perform defense-related functions. Zn acts as a cofactor for these enzymes, so it can be concluded that Zn may be used as a soil-nutritive agent to increase resistance in plants against fungal diseases.

scholarly journals Molecular Approaches to Disease Resistance in Fragaria SPP.

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Korbin
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Resistance Markers

Molecular Approaches to Disease Resistance inFragariaSPP.Resistance to economically important diseases is one of the most desired traits to have in plant crops. TheFragariagenus including 21 wild and cultivated species (Fragariaxananassa), contains genetic sources of diseases resistance that are quite rich but not fully exploited in breeding for resistance. Usefulness of different molecular techniques and high throughput technologies for the dissection of genetic resistance mechanisms and the explanation of plant diversity in relation to pathogens at the DNA level are described in this paper. The descriptions are based on the results of different studies on genome ofFragariathat were carried out in many research institutions in the world. The proposed model of comprehensive exploration of the strawberry genome, summarized with generating resistance markers and identification of genes involved with induction or regulation of plant response to pathogen attack, appear to be very useful in breeding strawberry for resistance.

scholarly journals Involvement of nonhost resistance genes in disease resistance plausible for future crop improvement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eram Sultan ◽  
Kalpana Dalei ◽  
Prashant Singh ◽  
Binod Bihari Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Disease Resistant

A plant species is infected by handful of pathogenic organism despite the fact that it is constantly exposed to innumerable pathogens. The chemical anti-bio agents exploited against these pathogens were harmful to environment and human health as well. So the only alternative way is to grow disease resistant varieties of crops by introducing resistant (R) genes. However, new pathogenic races evolve constantly and are notorious for their ability to withstand race specific resistance mediated by R-genes . Plants deploy robust, broad-spectrum and durable resistance mechanisms called nonhost resistance (NHR) against most pathogenic organisms. Such disease resistance mechanisms are nonspecific and effective against all nonhost or non-adaptive pathogens. The NHR defence response includes production of phytoalexins and other antimicrobial compounds, hypersensitive response by rapid localized cell death, deposition of callose and expression of pathogenesis related genes at the site of infection that restricts further growth of pathogen. Although NHR has immense potential to improve crop production in agriculture, very little is known about the mechanism of NHR and its genetic pathways at molecular level. Detail knowledge about the NHR genes from a nonhost plant and engineering the NHR gene into the host plant will be helpful in making broad-spectrum and durable disease resistant crops. In this mini review, we report the list of NHR genes and their function against various phytopathogens. We further report a method to identify or map putative NHR gene/s in Arabidopsis against soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae nonhost with a goal to improve disease resistance in crop species.

scholarly journals Enhanced Disease Resistance Caused by BRI1 Mutation Is Conserved Between Brachypodium distachyon and Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Goddard ◽  
A. Peraldi ◽  
C. Ridout ◽  
P. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Brachypodium Distachyon ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Biotrophic Pathogens ◽  
Asymptomatic Phase ◽  
The Impact

This study investigated the impact of brassinosteroid (BR)-insensitive 1 (BRI1) mutation, the main receptor of BR in both Brachypodium distachyon and barley, on disease resistance against a range of fungal pathogens of cereals exhibiting different trophic lifestyles. Results presented here show that i) disruption of BRI1 has pleiotropic effects on disease resistance in addition to affecting plant development. BR signaling functions antagonistically with mechanisms of disease resistance that are effective against a broad range of cereal pathogens. ii) Disruption of BRI1 results in increased disease resistance against necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens that exhibit only a marginal asymptomatic phase but has no effect on biotrophic pathogens or those with a prolonged asymptomatic phase, and iii) disruption of BRI1 has a similar effect on disease resistance in B. distachyon and barley, indicating that defense mechanisms are conserved between these species. This work presents the first evidence for conservation of disease resistance mechanisms between the model species B. distachyon and the cereal crop barley and validates B. distachyon for undertaking model-to-crop translation studies of disease resistance.

scholarly journals Involvement of nonhost resistance genes in disease resistance plausible for future crop improvement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eram Sultan ◽  
Kalpana Dalei ◽  
Prashant Singh ◽  
Binod Bihari Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Nonhost Resistance ◽  
R Genes ◽  
Disease Resistant

A plant species is infected by handful of pathogenic organism despite the fact that it is constantly exposed to innumerable pathogens. The chemical anti-bio agents exploited against these pathogens were harmful to environment and human health as well. So the only alternative way is to grow disease resistant varieties of crops by introducing resistant (R) genes. However, new pathogenic races evolve constantly and are notorious for their ability to withstand race specific resistance mediated by R-genes . Plants deploy robust, broad-spectrum and durable resistance mechanisms called nonhost resistance (NHR) against most pathogenic organisms. Such disease resistance mechanisms are nonspecific and effective against all nonhost or non-adaptive pathogens. The NHR defence response includes production of phytoalexins and other antimicrobial compounds, hypersensitive response by rapid localized cell death, deposition of callose and expression of pathogenesis related genes at the site of infection that restricts further growth of pathogen. Although NHR has immense potential to improve crop production in agriculture, very little is known about the mechanism of NHR and its genetic pathways at molecular level. Detail knowledge about the NHR genes from a nonhost plant and engineering the NHR gene into the host plant will be helpful in making broad-spectrum and durable disease resistant crops. In this mini review, we report the list of NHR genes and their function against various phytopathogens. We further report a method to identify or map putative NHR gene/s in Arabidopsis against soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae nonhost with a goal to improve disease resistance in crop species.

scholarly journals The Grapevine E3 Ubiquitin Ligase VriATL156 Confers Resistance against the Downy Mildew Pathogen Plasmopara viticola

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Elodie Vandelle ◽  
Pietro Ariani ◽  
Alice Regaiolo ◽  
Davide Danzi ◽  
Arianna Lovato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Downy Mildew ◽  
Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Vitis Species ◽  
Vitis Riparia

Downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola, is one of the most severe diseases of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Genetic resistance is an effective and sustainable control strategy, but major resistance genes (encoding receptors for specific pathogen effectors) introgressed from wild Vitis species, although effective, may be non-durable because the pathogen can evolve to avoid specific recognition. Previous transcriptomic studies in the resistant species Vitis riparia highlighted the activation of signal transduction components during infection. The transfer of such components to V. vinifera might confer less specific and therefore more durable resistance. Here, we describe the generation of transgenic V. vinifera lines constitutively expressing the V. riparia E3 ubiquitin ligase gene VriATL156. Phenotypic and molecular analysis revealed that the transgenic plants were less susceptible to P. viticola than vector-only controls, confirming the role of this E3 ubiquitin ligase in the innate immune response. Two independent transgenic lines were selected for detailed analysis of the resistance phenotype by RNA-Seq and microscopy, revealing the profound reprogramming of transcription to achieve resistance that operates from the earliest stages of pathogen infection. The introduction of VriATL156 into elite grapevine cultivars could therefore provide an effective and sustainable control measure against downy mildew.

scholarly journals Durable resistance against Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 711-713
Author(s):  
F.C. Zoon ◽  
W. Golinowski ◽  
R. Janssen ◽  
D. Mugniéry ◽  
M.S. Phillips ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
Meloidogyne Chitwoodi ◽  
First Results ◽  
Stability Of Resistance ◽  
Nematode Virulence ◽  
The Stability

The EU-funded Project QLRT-1999-1462 DREAM (Durable Resistance Against Meloidogyne) aims to contribute to sustainable production systems by developing a strategy for durable resistance management for two polyphagous quarantine root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax. The objective will be achieved by integrating expertise in breeding, nematology, botany and molecular biology. The project combines three areas of research: 1. Identification and incorporation of resistance in important arable crops: potato, pepper, ryegrass and fodder radish, 2. Study of variation in nematode virulence and of durability of the resistance, and 3. Optimising of production systems by rotation schemes. The main results expected are: resistant germplasm, characterised pathogen collections, breeding methods, knowledge of the stability of resistance, molecular markers linked to resistance and (a)virulence, resistance mechanisms and genes, genetic maps, and improved rotation schemes. The strategy and some first results will be discussed.

scholarly journals ATM orchestrates the DNA-damage response to counter toxic non-homologous end-joining at broken replication forks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Balmus ◽  
Domenic Pilger ◽  
Julia Coates ◽  
Mukerrem Demir ◽  
Matylda Sczaniecka-Clift ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Replication Forks ◽  
End Joining ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Dna Damaging Agents ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Topoisomerase Poison ◽  
Recombination Repair ◽  
Non Homologous End Joining

SummaryMutations in the ATM tumor suppressor confer hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents. To explore genetic resistance mechanisms, we performed genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens in cells treated with the DNA topoisomerase poison topotecan. Thus, we establish that loss of terminal components of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) machinery or the BRCA1-A complex specifically confers topotecan resistance to ATM-deficient cells. We show that hypersensitivity of ATM-mutant cells to topotecan or the poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib is due to delayed homologous recombination repair at DNA-replication-fork-associated double-strand breaks (DSBs), resulting in toxic NHEJ-mediated chromosome fusions. Accordingly, restoring legitimate repair in ATM-deficient cells, either by preventing NHEJ DNA ligation or by enhancing DSB-resection by BRCA1-A complex inactivation, markedly suppresses this toxicity. Our work suggests opportunities for patient stratification in ATM-deficient cancers and when using ATM inhibitors in the clinic, and identifies additional therapeutic vulnerabilities that might be exploited when such cancers evolve drug resistance.One Sentence SummaryATM counteracts toxic NHEJ at broken replication forks

scholarly journals Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in a salmonid fish cell line using a lentivirus delivery system

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remi L. Gratacap ◽  
Tim Regan ◽  
Carola E. Dehler ◽  
Samuel A.M. Martin ◽  
Pierre Boudinot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Fish Cell ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Lentivirus Transduction

1AbstractGenome editing is transforming bioscience research, but its application to non-model organisms, such as farmed animal species, requires optimisation. Salmonids are the most important aquaculture species by value, and improving genetic resistance to infectious disease is a major goal. However, use of genome editing to evaluate putative disease resistance genes in cell lines, and the use of genome-wide CRISPR screens is currently limited by a lack of available tools and techniques. In the current study, an optimised protocol using lentivirus transduction for efficient integration of constructs into the genome of a Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshwaytcha) cell line (CHSE-214) was developed. As proof-of-principle, two target genes were edited with high efficiency in an EGFP-Cas9 stable CHSE cell line; specifically, the exogenous, integrated EGFP and the endogenous RIG-I locus. Finally, the effective use of antibiotic selection to enrich the successfully edited targeted population was demonstrated. The optimised lentiviral-mediated CRISPR method reported here increases possibilities for efficient genome editing in salmonid cells, in particular for future applications of genome-wide CRISPR screens for disease resistance.

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