scholarly journals Characterisation of the horse transcriptome from immunologically active tissues

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Moreton ◽  
Sunir Malla ◽  
Aziz Aboobaker ◽  
Rachael Tarlinton ◽  
Richard D Emes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Genome Annotation ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Novel Isoforms

The immune system of the horse has not been well studied, despite the fact that the horse displays several features such as sensitivity to bacterial lipopolysaccharide that make them in many ways a more suitable model of some human disorders than the current rodent models. The difficulty of working with large animal models has however limited characterisation of gene expression in the horse immune system with current annotations for the equine genome restricted to predictions from other mammals and the few described horse proteins. This paper outlines sequencing of 184 million transcriptome short reads from immunologically active tissues of three horses including the genome reference “Twilight”. In a comparison with the Ensembl horse genome annotation, we found 8,763 potentially novel isoforms.

scholarly journals Characterisation of the horse transcriptome from immunologically active tissues

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Moreton ◽  
Sunir Malla ◽  
Aziz Aboobaker ◽  
Rachael Tarlinton ◽  
Richard D Emes
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Genome Annotation ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Human Disorders ◽  
Novel Isoforms

The immune system of the horse has not been well studied, despite the fact that the horse displays several features such as sensitivity to bacterial lipopolysaccharide that make them in many ways a more suitable model of some human disorders than the current rodent models. The difficulty of working with large animal models has however limited characterisation of gene expression in the horse immune system with current annotations for the equine genome restricted to predictions from other mammals and the few described horse proteins. This paper outlines sequencing of 184 million transcriptome short reads from immunologically active tissues of three horses including the genome reference “Twilight”. In a comparison with the Ensembl horse genome annotation, we found 8,763 potentially novel isoforms.

scholarly journals Large Animal Models of Huntington’s Disease: What We Have Learned and Where We Need to Go Next

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-216
Author(s):  
David Howland ◽  
Zdenka Ellederova ◽  
Neil Aronin ◽  
Deborah Fernau ◽  
Jill Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Translational Studies

Genetically modified rodent models of Huntington’s disease (HD) have been especially valuable to our understanding of HD pathology and the mechanisms by which the mutant HTT gene alters physiology. However, due to inherent differences in genetics, neuroanatomy, neurocircuitry and neurophysiology, animal models do not always faithfully or fully recapitulate human disease features or adequately predict a clinical response to treatment. Therefore, conducting translational studies of candidate HD therapeutics only in a single species (i.e. mouse disease models) may not be sufficient. Large animal models of HD have been shown to be valuable to the HD research community and the expectation is that the need for translational studies that span rodent and large animal models will grow. Here, we review the large animal models of HD that have been created to date, with specific commentary on differences between the models, the strengths and disadvantages of each, and how we can advance useful models to study disease pathophysiology, biomarker development and evaluation of promising therapeutics.

scholarly journals Porcine Models of Accelerated Coronary Atherosclerosis: Role of Diabetes Mellitus and Hypercholesterolemia

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damir Hamamdzic ◽  
Robert L. Wilensky
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Coronary Atherosclerosis ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Miniature Pig ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Atherosclerotic Lesions

Animal models of atherosclerosis have proven to be an invaluable asset in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. However, large animal models may be needed in order to assess novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of atherosclerosis. Porcine models of coronary and peripheral atherosclerosis offer several advantages over rodent models, including similar anatomical size to humans, as well as genetic expression and development of high-risk atherosclerotic lesions which are similar to humans. Here we review the four models of porcine atherosclerosis, including the diabetic/hypercholesterolemic model, Rapacz-familial hypercholesterolemia pig, the (PCSK9) gain-of-function mutant pig model, and the Ossabaw miniature pig model of metabolic syndrome. All four models reliably represent features of human vascular disease.

scholarly journals Cancer-Immunity Cycle and Therapeutic Interventions- Opportunities for Including Pet Dogs With Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha K. Von Rueden ◽  
Timothy M. Fan
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Cancer Immunity ◽  
Dynamic Series

The tumor-immune interplay represents a dynamic series of events executed by cellular and soluble participants that either promote or inhibit successful tumor formation and growth. Throughout a tumor’s development and progression, the host organism’s immune system reacts by generating anti-cancer defenses through various incremental and combinatorial mechanisms, and this reactive orchestration is termed the cancer-immunity cycle. Success or failure of the cancer-immunity cycle dictates the fate of both host and tumor as winner or loser. Insights into how the tumor and host immune system continuously adapt to each other throughout the lifecycle of the tumor is necessary to rationally develop new effective immunotherapies. Additionally, the evolving nature of the cancer-immunity cycle necessitates therapeutic agility, requiring real-time serial assessment of immunobiologic markers that permits tailoring of therapies to the everchanging tumor immune microenvironment. In order to accelerate advances in the field of immuno-oncology, this review summarizes the steps comprising the cancer-immunity cycle, and underscores key breakpoints in the cycle that either favor cancer regression or progression, as well as shaping of the tumor microenvironment and associated immune phenotypes. Furthermore, specific large animal models of spontaneous cancers that are deemed immunogenic will be reviewed and proposed as unique resources for validating investigational immunotherapeutic protocols that are informed by the cancer-immunity cycle. Collectively, this review will provide a progressive look into the dynamic interplay between tumor and host immune responses and raise awareness for how large animal models can be included for developing combinatorial and sequenced immunotherapies to maximizing favorable treatment outcomes.

scholarly journals Large Animal Models for Investigating Cell Therapies of Stress Urinary Incontinence

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6092
Author(s):  
Bastian Amend ◽  
Niklas Harland ◽  
Jasmin Knoll ◽  
Arnulf Stenzl ◽  
Wilhelm K. Aicher
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Stress Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Clinical Situation ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Large Animal Models

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a significant health concern for patients affected, impacting their quality of life severely. To investigate mechanisms contributing to SUI different animal models were developed. Incontinence was induced under defined conditions to explore the pathomechanisms involved, spontaneous recovery, or efficacy of therapies over time. The animal models were coined to mimic known SUI risk factors such as childbirth or surgical injury. However, animal models neither reflect the human situation completely nor the multiple mechanisms that ultimately contribute to the pathogenesis of SUI. In the past, most SUI animal studies took advantage of rodents or rabbits. Recent models present for instance transgenic rats developing severe obesity, to investigate metabolic interrelations between the disorder and incontinence. Using recombinant gene technologies, such as transgenic, gene knock-out or CRISPR-Cas animals may narrow the gap between the model and the clinical situation of patients. However, to investigate surgical regimens or cell therapies to improve or even cure SUI, large animal models such as pig, goat, dog and others provide several advantages. Among them, standard surgical instruments can be employed for minimally invasive transurethral diagnoses and therapies. We, therefore, focus in this review on large animal models of SUI.

Animal models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: optimal choices for the best outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Huang ◽  
Fengyan Zhao ◽  
Yi Qu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

AbstractHypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a serious disease leading to neonatal death, is becoming a key area of pediatric neurological research. Despite remarkable advances in the understanding of HIE, the explicit pathogenesis of HIE is unclear, and well-established treatments are absent. Animal models are usually considered as the first step in the exploration of the underlying disease and in evaluating promising therapeutic interventions. Various animal models of HIE have been developed with distinct characteristics, and it is important to choose an appropriate animal model according to the experimental objectives. Generally, small animal models may be more suitable for exploring the mechanisms of HIE, whereas large animal models are better for translational studies. This review focuses on the features of commonly used HIE animal models with respect to their modeling strategies, merits, and shortcomings, and associated neuropathological changes, providing a comprehensive reference for improving existing animal models and developing new animal models.

Echocardiography Evaluation of a Novel Stable Ovine Heart Failure Model Suitable for Cardiovascular Device Testing

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Walsh ◽  
Craig S. McLachlan ◽  
Leigh Ladd ◽  
Arie Blitz ◽  
R. Mark Gillies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Failure Model ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Surgical Model ◽  
Coronary Ligation ◽  
Rapid Ventricular Pacing ◽  
Heart Failure Model ◽  
Underlying Pathology

Numerous large animal models of chronic cardiac ischemia have been developed to explore either pathological mechanisms and or device interventions in developed heart failure models. Traditionally chronic heart failure in large animal models such as sheep or pigs has been induced by either coronary ligation with or without reperfusion. Coronary ligation is often attempted in the open chest surgical model or more recently in the closed chest animal via angiography [1]. Both techniques can be challenging and also induce high mortality with the risk of myocardial stunning and resultant shock and or lethal arrhythmias. There is also difficulty in developing stable heart failure across cases where infarct sizes can be variable. One strategy to over come this variability has been via rapid ventricular pacing, however inducing heart failure does not induce sustained heart failure in many cases if the pacing is switched off, and additionally pacing does not induce some of the underlying pathology seen in the development of heart failure [1].

scholarly journals Review: Tissue Engineering of Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts and Their In Vivo Evaluation in Large Animals and Humans

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 713
Author(s):  
Shu Fang ◽  
Ditte Gry Ellman ◽  
Ditte Caroline Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Vascular Grafts ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Graft Outcome ◽  
Limited Success ◽  
Large Animals

To date, a wide range of materials, from synthetic to natural or a mixture of these, has been explored, modified, and examined as small-diameter tissue-engineered vascular grafts (SD-TEVGs) for tissue regeneration either in vitro or in vivo. However, very limited success has been achieved due to mechanical failure, thrombogenicity or intimal hyperplasia, and improvements of the SD-TEVG design are thus required. Here, in vivo studies investigating novel and relative long (10 times of the inner diameter) SD-TEVGs in large animal models and humans are identified and discussed, with emphasis on graft outcome based on model- and graft-related conditions. Only a few types of synthetic polymer-based SD-TEVGs have been evaluated in large-animal models and reflect limited success. However, some polymers, such as polycaprolactone (PCL), show favorable biocompatibility and potential to be further modified and improved in the form of hybrid grafts. Natural polymer- and cell-secreted extracellular matrix (ECM)-based SD-TEVGs tested in large animals still fail due to a weak strength or thrombogenicity. Similarly, native ECM-based SD-TEVGs and in-vitro-developed hybrid SD-TEVGs that contain xenogeneic molecules or matrix seem related to a harmful graft outcome. In contrast, allogeneic native ECM-based SD-TEVGs, in-vitro-developed hybrid SD-TEVGs with allogeneic banked human cells or isolated autologous stem cells, and in-body tissue architecture (IBTA)-based SD-TEVGs seem to be promising for the future, since they are suitable in dimension, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and availability.

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