scholarly journals Migratory bottlenecks as integrators of species- and population-level diversity: the Skeena River estuary, its salmon, and industrial development

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine N Carr-Harris ◽  
Allen S. Gottesfeld ◽  
Jonathan Moore
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Skeena River

We quantify how an estuarine migratory bottleneck supports population- and species- level diversity of salmon. The estuary of the Skeena River is under pressure from industrial development, with two gas liquefaction terminals and a potash loading facility in various stages of environmental review processes at the same time as recent changes to Canadian environmental laws have reduced the timeframe for federal environmental assessments. We conducted a juvenile salmonid sampling program throughout the Skeena River estuary in 2007 and 2013. We captured all species of juvenile salmonids throughout the estuary in both years, and found that areas proposed for development support some of the highest abundances of some species of salmonids. Specifically, the highest abundances of sockeye (both years) Chinook in 2007, and coho salmon in 2013 were captured in areas proposed for development. For example, juvenile sockeye salmon were 2-8 times more abundant in the proposed development areas. Genetic stock assignment demonstrated that the Chinook salmon and most of the sockeye salmon that were captured originated from throughout the Skeena watershed, while some sockeye salmon came from the Nass, Stikine, Southeast Alaska, and coastal systems on the northern and central coasts of British Columbia. These fish support extensive commercial, recreational, and First Nations fisheries throughout the Skeena River and beyond. Our results demonstrate that estuary habitats integrate species and population diversity of salmon, and that proposed development in these areas will threaten the fisheries that depend on these fishes.

scholarly journals Migratory bottlenecks as integrators of species- and population-level diversity: the Skeena River estuary, its salmon, and industrial development

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine N Carr-Harris ◽  
Allen S. Gottesfeld ◽  
Jonathan Moore
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Skeena River

We quantify how an estuarine migratory bottleneck supports population- and species- level diversity of salmon. The estuary of the Skeena River is under pressure from industrial development, with two gas liquefaction terminals and a potash loading facility in various stages of environmental review processes at the same time as recent changes to Canadian environmental laws have reduced the timeframe for federal environmental assessments. We conducted a juvenile salmonid sampling program throughout the Skeena River estuary in 2007 and 2013. We captured all species of juvenile salmonids throughout the estuary in both years, and found that areas proposed for development support some of the highest abundances of some species of salmonids. Specifically, the highest abundances of sockeye (both years) Chinook in 2007, and coho salmon in 2013 were captured in areas proposed for development. For example, juvenile sockeye salmon were 2-8 times more abundant in the proposed development areas. Genetic stock assignment demonstrated that the Chinook salmon and most of the sockeye salmon that were captured originated from throughout the Skeena watershed, while some sockeye salmon came from the Nass, Stikine, Southeast Alaska, and coastal systems on the northern and central coasts of British Columbia. These fish support extensive commercial, recreational, and First Nations fisheries throughout the Skeena River and beyond. Our results demonstrate that estuary habitats integrate species and population diversity of salmon, and that proposed development in these areas will threaten the fisheries that depend on these fishes.

Movements of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in the Skeena River Estuary as Revealed by Ultrasonic Tracking

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Groot ◽  
K. Simpson ◽  
I. Todd ◽  
P. D. Murray ◽  
G. A. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Cycle ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Tidal Flows ◽  
Skeena River ◽  
Ultrasonic Tracking ◽  
Passive Movements

Movements of adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) entering the Skeena River were examined in 1969 and 1970 by ultrasonic tracking methods. Fifteen of 18 sockeye released in the lower river seemed to move passively in and out with flood and ebb streams. Two fish moved upstream independent of tides and one salmon swam against ebb and flood currents. Ground speeds in both years of operation were 1.6 km/h during rising and 2.1 km/h during falling tides, causing the fish to be transported downstream by about 3 km per tidal cycle. Three salmon released outside the river mouth in salt water also seemed to ride the tidal flows passively. Ground speeds during ebb (3.6 km/h) were again greater than during flood (2.0 km/h), indicating a net offshore movement. We conclude that these passive movements are not an artifact but that sockeye salmon normally slow down or pause upon reaching the "home river" and drift for a period in tidal currents in the estuary and river mouth before migrating upstream.

The Skeena River Salmon Fishery, with Special Reference to Sockeye Salmon

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Milne
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Accurate Data ◽  
Gill Net ◽  
History Of ◽  
Skeena River ◽  
Salmon Fishery

The general history of the Skeena River commercial salmon fishery is presented from 1877 to 1948. The changes in fishing areas, seasons and fishing methods are described, together with the trends in the catches obtained. The most accurate data pertain to the important sockeye salmon gill-net fishery. The sockeye catch attained a maximum of 187,000 cases in 1910 and since then has declined to a minimum of 28,000 cases in 1933 and 1943. In recent years the catches have tended to level off. The pink salmon catches declined markedly after 1930. The chum catches also appear to have declined in recent years. Whether or not the spring and coho salmon catches have declined is not known. The size of the sockeye catch appears to be the best available measure of the relative size of the population. An analysis of the age cycles in the catch of sockeye and pink salmon did not reveal a practical basis for prediction. Some possible changes in the fishing regulations are discussed and the need for more data on the fluctuations in the size of the stocks during the fresh water phase is stressed.

scholarly journals Prioritizing conservation actions for Pacific salmon in Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Claire Walsh ◽  
Katrina Connors ◽  
Eric Hertz ◽  
Laura J Kehoe ◽  
Tara G Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Expert Elicitation ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Threat Management

Current investment in conservation is insufficient to adequately protect and recover all ecosystems and species. The challenge of allocating limited funds is acute for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in Canada, which lack a strategic approach to ensure that resources are spent on actions that would cost-effectively recover diminished populations. We applied the Priority Threat Management framework to prioritize strategies that are most likely to maximize the number of thriving Pacific salmon populations on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada. These included 79 genetically, ecologically and spatially distinct population groups called Conservation Units (CUs) for five salmon species. This region has high salmon biodiversity and spans the territories of four First Nations: the Heiltsuk, Nuxalk, Kitasoo/Xai'xais and Wuikinuxv. Using structured expert elicitation of Indigenous and other experts, we quantified the estimated benefits, costs and feasibility of implementing 10 strategies. Under a business-as-usual scenario (i.e., no additional investments in salmon conservation or management), experts predicted that only one in four CUs would have >50% chance of achieving a thriving status within 20 years. Limiting future industrial development, which was predicted to safeguard CUs from future declines, was identified as the most cost-effective strategy. Investment in three strategies: 1) removal of artificial barriers to fish migration, 2) watershed protection, and 3) stream restoration - at 11.3M CAD per year - was predicted to result in nearly half (34 of 79) of the CUs having a >60% chance of meeting the conservation objective. If all conservation strategies were implemented, experts estimated a >50% probability of achieving a thriving status for 78 of 79 CUs, at an annual cost of 17.3M CAD. However, even with the implementation of all strategies, most sockeye salmon CUs were unlikely to achieve higher probability targets of reaching the objective. Policy implications: We illustrate how Priority Threat Management can incorporate the perspectives and expertise of Indigenous peoples and other experts to evaluate and prioritize conservation strategies based on their cost, benefit and feasibility. Timely investment in the strategies outlined in this assessment could help safeguard and recover Pacific salmon in this region of Canada.

MUSCLE PROTEINS OF PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS): II. AN INVESTIGATION OF MUSCLE PROTEIN AND OTHER SUBSTANCES SOLUBLE IN SALT SOLUTIONS OF LOW IONIC STRENGTH BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 919-927 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Tsuyuki ◽  
E. Roberts ◽  
R. E. A. Gadd
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Moving Boundary ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Ophiodon Elongatus ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Low Ionic Strength

The muscle myogens and other components of the spring salmon (O. tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. keta), coho salmon (O. kisutch), and sockeye salmon (O. nerka), as well as the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), were separated by the use of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose columns. Significant amounts of slowly dialyzable inosine and inosinic acid which may lead to spurious peaks in moving-boundary electrophoretic separations have been shown to be present in the muscle myogen preparations. The basic differences in the muscle myogen components of the Pacific salmon and the lingcod are compared.

scholarly journals Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1122-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Irvine ◽  
Masa-aki Fukuwaka
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
The North ◽  
Abundance Trends

Abstract Irvine, J. R., and Fukuwaka, M. 2011. Pacific salmon abundance trends and climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1122–1130. Understanding reasons for historical patterns in salmon abundance could help anticipate future climate-related changes. Recent salmon abundance in the northern North Pacific Ocean, as indexed by commercial catches, has been among the highest on record, with no indication of decline; the 2009 catch was the highest to date. Although the North Pacific Ocean continues to produce large quantities of Pacific salmon, temporal abundance patterns vary among species and areas. Currently, pink and chum salmon are very abundant overall and Chinook and coho salmon are less abundant than they were previously, whereas sockeye salmon abundance varies among areas. Analyses confirm climate-related shifts in abundance, associated with reported ecosystem regime shifts in approximately 1947, 1977, and 1989. We found little evidence to support a major shift after 1989. From 1990, generally favourable climate-related marine conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean, as well as expanding hatchery operations and improving hatchery technologies, are increasing abundances of chum and pink salmon. In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, climate-related changes are apparently playing a role in increasing chum and pink salmon abundances and declining numbers of coho and Chinook salmon.

scholarly journals Comparing cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis and outcomes of First Nations and all other Manitobans: a retrospective analysis

BMC Cancer ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara C. Horrill ◽  
Lindsey Dahl ◽  
Esther Sanderson ◽  
Garry Munro ◽  
Cindy Garson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
First Nations ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Registry System ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Regression ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Globally, epidemiological evidence suggests cancer incidence and outcomes among Indigenous peoples are a growing concern. Although historically cancer among First Nations (FN) peoples in Canada was relatively unknown, recent epidemiological evidence reveals a widening of cancer related disparities. However evidence at the population level is limited. The aim of this study was to explore cancer incidence, stage at diagnosis, and outcomes among status FN peoples in comparison with all other Manitobans (AOM). Methods All cancers diagnosed between April 1, 2004 and March 31, 2011 were linked with the Indian Registry System and five provincial healthcare databases to compare differences in characteristics, cancer incidence, and stage at diagnosis and mortality of the FN and AOM cohorts. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to examine mortality. Results The FN cohort was significantly younger, with higher comorbidities than AOM. A higher proportion of FN people were diagnosed with cancer at stages III (18.7% vs. 15.4%) and IV (22.4% vs. 19.9%). Cancer incidence was significantly lower in the FN cohort, however, there were no significant differences between the two cohorts after adjusting for age, sex, income and area of residence. No significant trends in cancer incidence were identified in either cohort over time. Mortality was generally higher in the FN cohort. Conclusions Despite similar cancer incidence, FN peoples in Manitoba experience poorer survival. The underlying causes of these disparities are not yet understood, particularly in relation to the impact of colonization and other determinants of health.

Protandry in Pacific salmon

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolanda Morbey
Keyword(s):  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Statistical Procedure ◽  
Timing Data ◽  
Mating Opportunities ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Specific Timing

Protandry, the earlier arrival of males to the spawning grounds than females, has been reported in several studies of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.). However, the reasons for protandry in salmon are poorly understood and little is known about how protandry varies among and within populations. In this study, protandry was quantified in a total of 105 years using gender-specific timing data from seven populations (one for pink salmon (O. gorbuscha), three for coho salmon (O. kisutch), two for sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and one for chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha)). Using a novel statistical procedure, protandry was found to be significant in 90% of the years and in all populations. Protandry may be part of the males' strategy to maximize mating opportunities and may facilitate mate choice by females.

A Bayesian hierarchical approach to integrating historical and in-season genetic data for real-time assessment of a mixed stock fishery

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 1721-1732
Author(s):  
Lukas B. DeFilippo ◽  
Daniel E. Schindler ◽  
Kyle Shedd ◽  
Kevin L. Schaberg
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Hierarchical Approach ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Fishing Season ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Mixed Stock

With advances in molecular genetics, it is becoming increasingly feasible to conduct genetic stock identification (GSI) to inform management actions that occur within a fishing season. While applications of in-season GSI are becoming widespread, such programs seldom integrate data from previous years, underutilizing the full breadth of information available for real-time inference. In this study, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical model that integrates historical and in-season GSI data to estimate temporal changes in the composition of a mixed stock of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) returning to Alaska’s Chignik watershed across the fishing season. Simulations showed that even after accounting for time constraints of transporting and analyzing genetic samples, a hierarchical approach can rapidly achieve accurate in-season stock allocation, outperforming alternative methods that rely solely on historical or in-season data by themselves. As the distribution and phenology of fish populations becomes more variable and difficult to predict under climate change, in-season management tools will likely be increasingly relied upon to protect biocomplexity while maximizing harvest opportunity in mixed stock fisheries.

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