Thought Insertion Clarified

Real Hallucinations ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036719.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Ratcliffe

Keyword(s):

Substantial Proportion ◽

Intentional State ◽

Thought Insertion ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Auditory Verbal Hallucination ◽

Anomalous Experience

This chapter begins by considering the possibility that a number of factors contribute to the sense of being in an intentional state, and that these can come into conflict. The remainder of the chapter argues that thought insertion (TI) and certain kinds of auditory verbal hallucination (AVH) are to be understood in this way. There is a difference between experiencing a process of thinking as alien and experiencing thought content as alien. It is argued that TI involves the latter. Hence it could just as well be described as experiencing one’s own thought contents in a strange, perception-like way. To further support this interpretation, the chapter considers AVHs and shows that a substantial proportion of experiences that are described in AVH terms can equally be conveyed in terms of TI. What we have is an anomalous experience that lies somewhere between thinking and perceiving. The content of the experience continues to resemble that of a thought. Even so, a sense of perceiving predominates. The chapter concludes by arguing that it is unhelpful to conceive of AVH / TI in terms of a distinction between agency and subjectivity or ownership.

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Introduction

Real Hallucinations ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036719.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Ratcliffe

Keyword(s):

Social World ◽

Human Experience ◽

Substantial Proportion ◽

Intentional State ◽

Thought Insertion ◽

Modal Structure ◽

Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽

The Social

This chapter outlines the overall argument of the book, emphasizing its two principal theses. First of all, it sketches the position that thought insertion, and also a substantial proportion of auditory verbal hallucinations, consist of disturbances in the sense of being in one or another kind of intentional state, in the modal structure of intentionality (meaning our grasp of the various modalities of intentionality, such as believing, perceiving, remembering, and imagining, as distinct from one another). Second, it introduces the view that the integrity of human experience, including what we might term the most basic experience of self, depends on ways of relating to other people and to the social world as a whole. The chapter concludes with summaries of the seven chapters that follow.

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How reliable are scientific studies?

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.109.069849 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 197 (4) ◽

pp. 257-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Marcus R. Munafò ◽

Jonathan Flint

Keyword(s):

Empirical Evidence ◽

Publication Bias ◽

False Positive ◽

Scientific Research ◽

Substantial Proportion ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Positive Results

SummaryThere is growing concern that a substantial proportion of scientific research may in fact be false. A number of factors have been proposed as contributing to the presence of a large number of false-positive results in the literature, one of which is publication bias. We discuss empirical evidence for these factors.

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Schizophrenia and Selfhood

Real Hallucinations ◽

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036719.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Ratcliffe

Keyword(s):

Psychiatric Illness ◽

Interpersonal Trauma ◽

Intentional State ◽

Recent Application ◽

Alternative Account ◽

Modal Structure ◽

Minimal Self ◽

Auditory Verbal Hallucination ◽

Specific Sense

This chapter introduces some of the central concepts, themes, and issues addressed in the book. First of all, it discusses the concept of ‘minimal self’ and its recent application to schizophrenia and auditory verbal hallucination (AVH). Then it raises the question of whether minimal self includes only the sense of having some kind of experience or, in addition, a more specific sense of the type of intentional state one is in. A refined account of minimal self is proposed, according to which it centrally involves the latter: a grasp of the modalities of intentionality. It is further argued that certain anomalous experiences centrally involve disturbances of modal structure. Following this, the chapter considers an alternative account of AVHs, according to which they are diagnostically non-specific, meaningful symptoms of interpersonal trauma. In so doing, it stresses the need to place more emphasis on the interpersonal aspects of psychiatric illness, and shows how minimal self, as conceived of here, could turn out to be both developmentally and constitutively dependent on ways of relating to other people.

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The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s003329170003381x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 177-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 394

Author(s):

Tony H. Nayani ◽

Anthony S. David

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Auditory Hallucination ◽

Auditory Hallucinations ◽

Theoretical Development ◽

Thought Insertion ◽

Auditory Verbal Hallucination ◽

The Voice ◽

Over Time ◽

Structured Questionnaire

SynopsisA comprehensive semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 100 psychotic patients who had experienced auditory hallucinations. The aim was to extend the phenomenology of the hallucination into areas of both form and content and also to guide future theoretical development. All subjects heard ‘voices’ talking to or about them. The location of the voice, its characteristics and the nature of address were described. Precipitants and alleviating factors plus the effect of the hallucinations on the sufferer were identified. Other hallucinatory experiences, thought insertion and insight were examined for their inter-relationships. A pattern emerged of increasing complexity of the auditory–verbal hallucination over time by a process of accretion, with the addition of more voices and extended dialogues, and more intimacy between subject and voice. Such evolution seemed to relate to the lessening of distress and improved coping. These findings should inform both neurological and cognitive accounts of the pathogenesis of auditory hallucinations in psychotic disorders.

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Real Hallucinations

10.7551/mitpress/9780262036719.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Matthew Ratcliffe

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Relations ◽

Social World ◽

Human Experience ◽

Philosophical Study ◽

Intentional State ◽

Thought Insertion ◽

Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽

The Social ◽

Simple Question ◽

Do So

Real Hallucinations is a philosophical study of the structure of human experience, its vulnerability to disruption, and how its integrity depends on interpersonal relations. It focuses on the beguilingly simple question of how we manage to routinely distinguish between our experiences of perceiving, remembering, imagining, and thinking. This question is addressed via a detailed philosophical study of auditory verbal hallucinations (usually defined as hearing a voice in the absence of a speaker) and thought insertion (somehow experiencing one’s own thoughts as someone else’s). The book shows how thought insertion, and also a substantial proportion of auditory verbal hallucinations, consist of disturbances in the structure of experience and –more specifically - in our sense of the various types of intentional state, such as believing, perceiving, remembering, and imagining, as distinct from one another. It is further argued that episodic and seemingly localized experiential disturbances such as these usually occur against a backdrop of less pronounced but much wider-ranging alterations in the structure of intentionality. To do so, the book addresses types of experience associated with trauma, schizophrenia, and profound grief. The outcome of this is a more generally applicable account of how the integrity of human experience, including the most basic sense of self, is inseparable from how we relate to other people and to the social world as a whole.

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The IBM-PC in electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165525 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 612-613

Author(s):

James F. Mancuso

Keyword(s):

Head Start ◽

Image Acquisition ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Financial Applications ◽

Number Of Factors ◽

Instrument Control ◽

The Cost ◽

Training And Support ◽

Control Image ◽

Ibm Pc

IBM PC compatible computers are widely used in microscopy for applications ranging from control to image acquisition and analysis. The choice of IBM-PC based systems over competing computer platforms can be based on technical merit alone or on a number of factors relating to economics, availability of peripherals, management dictum, or simple personal preference.IBM-PC got a strong “head start” by first dominating clerical, document processing and financial applications. The use of these computers spilled into the laboratory where the DOS based IBM-PC replaced mini-computers. Compared to minicomputer, the PC provided a more for cost-effective platform for applications in numerical analysis, engineering and design, instrument control, image acquisition and image processing. In addition, the sitewide use of a common PC platform could reduce the cost of training and support services relative to cases where many different computer platforms were used. This could be especially true for the microscopists who must use computers in both the laboratory and the office.

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Challenging the Multidimensional Conception of Perceived Person-Environment Fit

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759/a000622 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Julian M. Etzel ◽

Gabriel Nagy

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

University Students ◽

Educational Outcomes ◽

Factor Model ◽

Higher Order ◽

Substantial Proportion ◽

Unique Variance ◽

First Order ◽

Person Environment Fit ◽

Order Factor

Abstract. In the current study, we examined the viability of a multidimensional conception of perceived person-environment (P-E) fit in higher education. We introduce an optimized 12-item measure that distinguishes between four content dimensions of perceived P-E fit: interest-contents (I-C) fit, needs-supplies (N-S) fit, demands-abilities (D-A) fit, and values-culture (V-C) fit. The central aim of our study was to examine whether the relationships between different P-E fit dimensions and educational outcomes can be accounted for by a higher-order factor that captures the shared features of the four fit dimensions. Relying on a large sample of university students in Germany, we found that students distinguish between the proposed fit dimensions. The respective first-order factors shared a substantial proportion of variance and conformed to a higher-order factor model. Using a newly developed factor extension procedure, we found that the relationships between the first-order factors and most outcomes were not fully accounted for by the higher-order factor. Rather, with the exception of V-C fit, all specific P-E fit factors that represent the first-order factors’ unique variance showed reliable and theoretically plausible relationships with different outcomes. These findings support the viability of a multidimensional conceptualization of P-E fit and the validity of our adapted instrument.

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