Core Cues to a Target

Author(s):  
Leonard Talmy

A core cue is an element of information about the target that the trigger is lexicalized to provide to the hearer. Seemingly all triggers provide such core cues in addition to their main function of initiating the 3-stage targeting procedure in the hearer. Core cues can be divided into those that specify intrinsic as against contingent properties of the target. Intrinsic properties include a target’s ontological category, plexity, animacy and sapience, sex, gender, substantiality, domainality, and constituent type. Its ontological category, in turn, can be that of an entity, an action, an event, a spatial location, a temporal location, a path, a manner, a quality, a quantity, and a degree, among others. Contingent properties of the target that triggers’ core cues can specify include its degree of remove, direction of remove, perceivability, compactness, and syntactic location. A target’s degree of remove from a reference point, in turn, can pertain to its spatial, temporal, personal, social, or experiential remove, while this last can in turn pertain to memorial, attentional, recognitional, or affective/perspectival remove.

Author(s):  
A.M. Lyakh ◽  
◽  
I.V. Agarkova-Lyakh ◽  

Eco-biological expedition research involves the collection of biotic and abiotic material (samples), which is attached to spatio-temporal location. Researchers often use the geographical name of the place instead of the geographical coordinates to indicate the spatial location of a sample. For this reason, an expedition information system must support work with geographical names. The article describes the structure of the expedition database, where the main emphasis is made on geographical names. A method of presenting the official and unofficial names of land and water bodies in a single table is proposed. This way of presenting geographic information makes working with the information system more people-friendly.


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keding Zhang

All languages of the world provide their speakers with linguistic means to express existential relations, but such means may vary from language to language. For instance, the existential construction in English is usually introduced by the so-called dummy word there whereas such a construction in Mandarin Chinese directly begins with a locative phrase. From the perspective of Cognitive Grammar, we propose that the Mandarin existential construction (MEC) is a reference-point construction. As such, the initial locative phrase (PLOC) serves as the dominion and the reference point (D/R) to make mental contact with the final nominal phrase which indicates the existence of an entity (Existent) in the spatial region singled out by the PLOC. In the process of the conceptualizer’s construing an entity’s existence in a spatial location, it is the location that gets activated and profiled as salient first, and this location subsequently recedes into the background to serve as the reference point to locate an entity as the target which is finally profiled as salient. Therefore, a reference-point relation is formed between the PLOC and the Existent, the former of which functions as the reference point and the latter as the target. Due to this particular cognitive property of MEC, it is also a presentational construction at the discourse level in that it performs a discursive function of introducing new participants into a discourse. This discursive function of MEC plays a vital role in enabling a discourse to unfold smoothly, thus making the discourse into a cohesive and coherent semantic whole. In addition, when a couple of MECs occur together in a discourse successively, a kind of reference-point chain may be developed.


2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Białek ◽  
Przemysław Sawicki

Abstract. In this work, we investigated individual differences in cognitive reflection effects on delay discounting – a preference for smaller sooner over larger later payoff. People are claimed to prefer more these alternatives they considered first – so-called reference point – over the alternatives they considered later. Cognitive reflection affects the way individuals process information, with less reflective individuals relying predominantly on the first information they consider, thus, being more susceptible to reference points as compared to more reflective individuals. In Experiment 1, we confirmed that individuals who scored high on the Cognitive Reflection Test discount less strongly than less reflective individuals, but we also show that such individuals are less susceptible to imposed reference points. Experiment 2 replicated these findings additionally providing evidence that cognitive reflection predicts discounting strength and (in)dependency to reference points over and above individual difference in numeracy.


Author(s):  
Kevin Dent

In two experiments participants retained a single color or a set of four spatial locations in memory. During a 5 s retention interval participants viewed either flickering dynamic visual noise or a static matrix pattern. In Experiment 1 memory was assessed using a recognition procedure, in which participants indicated if a particular test stimulus matched the memorized stimulus or not. In Experiment 2 participants attempted to either reproduce the locations or they picked the color from a whole range of possibilities. Both experiments revealed effects of dynamic visual noise (DVN) on memory for colors but not for locations. The implications of the results for theories of working memory and the methodological prospects for DVN as an experimental tool are discussed.


Author(s):  
K. Botterill ◽  
R. Allen ◽  
P. McGeorge

The Multiple-Object Tracking paradigm has most commonly been utilized to investigate how subsets of targets can be tracked from among a set of identical objects. Recently, this research has been extended to examine the function of featural information when tracking is of objects that can be individuated. We report on a study whose findings suggest that, while participants can only hold featural information for roughly two targets this task does not affect tracking performance detrimentally and points to a discontinuity between the cognitive processes that subserve spatial location and featural information.


2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Talarico ◽  
Kira M. Moore

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason L. Hicks ◽  
Noelle L. Brown ◽  
Benjamin A. Martin
Keyword(s):  

Author(s):  
Amber N. Bloomfield ◽  
Jessica M. Choplin
Keyword(s):  

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gail Musen ◽  
Sumanas Siripant ◽  
Lori Boncher

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