The lingering DP in Niuean

This chapter examines pre-nominal particles in Niuean, which are cognate with Tongan determiners, although Niuean, in contrast with Proto-Tongic, does not have a systematic determiner system marking specificity or definiteness. It is argued that the Niuean particles are case markers merged in K, not determiners, having replaced Proto-Tongic case markers. It is then argued that although there is no determiner system in Niuean, D and DP remain in the nominal phrase, and that D, usually null, holds features for proper-common with which K agrees. In addition, D is spelled out as a linker when its specifier is filled with a genitive, numeral, or quantifier, all of which contribute meanings associated with (in)definiteness or nominal quantification. Finally, D can also house occasional articles. The chapter shows that small historical changes can create systematic shifts, and that D and DP can be present even in a language without a determiner system.

A Study of Nouns in Gu-Mawasangka Language

This study aims to obtain a descriptive description of the Gu-Mawasangka language nouns. Data collection was carried out by using descriptive methods through elicitation, listening and speaking techniques, recording, and recording. The results obtained, Gu-Mawasangka nouns can be analyzed from two aspects, namely semantic meaning and syntactic characteristics. The semantic meanings found are lexical categories that contain material meanings. The syntactic characteristics of Gu-Mawasangka nouns can be in combination with "deny, adjectives, nouns and verbs, personal pronouns). There are monomorphemic nouns and polymorphism nouns. At the nominal phrase level, the characteristic has a noun core in other words that accompany it as an attribute, and at the syntactic level, it functions as a subject, predicate, object, complement, and description.

Analisis Gurindam Dua Belas Karya Raja Ali Haji Ditinjau dari Aspek Sintaksis

Gurindam Dua Belas is an old poem derived from an old manuscript by Raja Ali Haji, which is important to study based on the syntactic aspect. This current study examines the origins of phrases, clauses, and sentences in Gurindam Dua Belas written by Raja Ali Haji. This study analyses Gurindam Dua Belas written by Raja Ali Haji, in terms of syntactic aspects. The qualitative approach was used in this research with a descriptive analysis method. The data source is a written source, namely the text of Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji, which consists of 12 articles. The data collection technique used a documentation study. The research instrument was the researcher himself as the main instrument assisted by recording card of data. Data analysis was carried out through the reduction stage, the data presentation stage, and then drawing conclusions and verification stages. Based on a review of 3 aspects of syntactic studies, namely function, category, and role, the results show that in the functional aspect, the predicate function of Gurindam Dua Belas text is predominantly used in the structure of syntactic analysis compared to other functions. In the category aspect, the dominant array of Gurindam Dua Belas used is the nominal phrase category. The largest use of the syntactic role used in Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji is the role as a verb or action. Based on an analysis of the syntactic form, it is identified that each article has a different sentence structure. The dominant sentences in the 83 stanzas of Gurindam Dua Belas by Raja Ali Haji are compound.

The Syntactic Role of Arabic Language on Accusative Adjunct in The Book Nashā'iḥul-‘Ibād: An Overview to The Grammar Role and Reference

<p>This research explains the categories and syntactic roles of Arabic in the book <em>Nashâ? Iħul-ʕIbâd</em> by Syekh Nawawi Al-Bantani based on the theory of roles and references grammar. This research is a descriptive qualitative with a purposive sampling method of presenting data that is separated from 112 data. The research method used in this study is the Agih method with basic techniques for direct elements using advanced techniques in the form of markup reading techniques on lingual element in Arabic grammar. The theory for determining the accusative adjunct markers of Arabic used is Valin's (1993) role and reference grammar theory using Kroeger's (2005) definition to look for core and peripheral elements in sentences. This research has found that the word categories of accusative adjunct can be the noun 'ism', the determiner 'muhaddad', the adjective 'naʕt', the adverb 'dharf', and the negation 'nafi', while the phrase category is the nominal phrase 'al-ʕibarah. al-ismiyyah ', the adverbial phrase 'al-ʕibarah adh-dharfiyyah ', and the adjective phrase' al-ʕibarah an-naʕʈiyyah '. In terms of the role of grammar syntax role and reference, adjunct can have any function as a clause modifier with evidential functions, as a core modifier with a function of manner, place, location, cause, and quantity, and also as a nucleus modifier with a affirmating function.</p>

Integral nonprototypical conditional and imperative constructions in Catalan (in comparison with Spanish and French)

This article examines one type of constructions that can express both conditional and imperative meanings. They represent complex sentences, the first part of which expresses a condition and urging and the second, the consequence with future reference. It is important to distinguish constructions of this type from prototypical imperative conditional constructions built as complex sentences, in which the condition is introduced by a subordinate clause with a conjuction meaning if and the conseqence verb is encoded for the imperative. The aim of this article is to identify, describe, and analyze the main types of integral nonprototypical conditional-and-imperative constructions, as well as the relevant conjunctions, tenses, and moods used in Catalan as compared to Spanish and French. While nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions are actively studied in many languages, they have been apparently barely touched upon in Catalan. Our analysis revealed the following types of integral nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions with: imperatives in the first clause; imperative verbs and verb periphrases in the first clause; a nominal phrase in the first clause; the conjunction or repeated in both clauses; present indicatives in the first clause and the conjunction and between two parts. The use of conjunctions meaning and (i (Cat.), y (Es.), et (Fr.)), or (o (Cat.), o (Es.), ou (Fr.)), as well asotherwise (si no (Cat.), si no (Es.), sinon (Fr.)) coincide. Only conjunctions meaning if are conditional in their basic meaning; conjunctions and, or, and otherwise are coordinating: and is copulative (it shows conditional meaning in the constructions addressed), or is delimiting, and otherwise adversative, with the latter two signaling negative condition in the targeted constructions. The research was conducted by the following methods: sampling, classification, description, contrastive and transformational analysis, and synthesis. The examples used were borrowed from texts by Catalan authors with their Spanish and French translations that were analyzed and classified. The whole sample of the conditional constructions analyzed is over 1000 examples for each of the three languages.

The Use of Nominal Phrases in Terminology of Covid-19 in Online Media (Syntax Study)

This study aims to describe the use of noun phrase in from the terms of COVID-19 in CNNIndonesia.com online news. The object of this research is the nominal phrase found in the terms of COVID-19 in the CNN Indonesia.com online news . The data source of this research is 8 news articles that has been uploaded by CNNIndonesia.com online news from 26 to 27 march 2020. The method used in the provision of data is the observing method by using taking note technique. The method used in analyzing the data is the distributional method. The results of this research revealed that there were 27 nominal phrases used in 8 news articles that has been uploaded by CNNIndonesia.com online news from 26 to 27 March 2020.

Clause and predicative constituents in an Austronesian language: Lampung language

This research is conducted qualitatively and aimed at patterning and describing clause and sentence structure in Lampung language through the configuration of its constituents. Regarding the constituents, Lampung has two types of clause: minor and major clauses. A minor clause is indicated by only one constituent, which is commonly a subject, predicate or adjunct. Regarding its function, it can be classified as vocative, shown by exclamation (Wuy!, Huy!); a greeting, as shown by an expression (tabikpun ngalam pukha); and an Arabic greeting (assalamualaikum). On the other hand, a major clause minimally consists of a subject and predicate, and apart from these there can also be an object, complement and adverbial. Furthermore, this research finds various categories that can act as predicative constituents: they are a verb/verbal phrase, adjective/adjective phrase, and noun/nominal phrase. Additionally, a copular verb (iyulah) and existential marker (wat) can also be the predicate. This research also reveals that in a sentence two or more clauses are connected by a conjunction, and then this conjunction becomes an indicator of dependent clauses. Also, a dependent clause can be found after the subject or the object of the independent clause.

A note on the order of constituents in the Mehri Noun Phrase

Data elicited from native speakers of Mehri and, to a lesser extent, Jibbali—two extant Modern South Arabian languages—show that within the extended nominal phrase, the noun precedes adjectives and the numerals one and two, but follows numerals from three up. This yields the following order: Num≥3 >> Noun >> Num=1,2 >> Adjective. Demonstratives appear between the noun and the numerals one or two, Noun >> Dem >> Num=1,2 >> Adjective, but when the noun is preceded by numerals from three up, the order is Dem >> Num≥3 >> Noun >> Adjective. Following Cinque (2005), I argue that these orders can be explained by taking the constituent order derived by external merge to be Dem >> Num≥3 >> Num=1,2 >> Adjective >> Noun and having the noun (more precisely, the minimal noun phrase) move step-by-step to a position immediately above, and therefore to the left of Num=1,2. The noun cannot move above Num≥3 and since it cannot skip it, it also remains below Dem.

diversity of Maa (Nilotic) adverbs

Maa linguistic varieties (Maasai, Parakuyo, Chamus, Samburu, among others), of the Eastern Nilotic family (Nilo-Saharan phylum), have words which can modify a predicate or predication and have the function of what cross-linguistically are called adverbs. While these words can be considered a single class due to this shared function and distribution, there are nevertheless morphosyntactic and usage distinctions. This is partly due to disparate historical origins, but also to semantics and different typical collocations. Among other distinctions, some adverbs can function as nominal tense/aspect markers within a determined nominal phrase (DP). Though the origins of all adverbs cannot be traced, the paper documents sources in oblique prepositional phrases, relational nouns, adjectives, relative clauses, and perhaps infinitive verbs, involving a wide range of lexical roots, such as ‘little’, ‘paint, mark’, ‘be abundant (with grass), be generous’, and others. Some synchronic adverbs do not have evident sources in other word classes, including the ­most frequently used word for ‘previously, before’, and the modal adverb ‘probably not, unlikely’ which is also an attenuative adverb. Maa adjectives and nouns largely overlap in their morphosyntax, but the ability to be modified by certain adverbs distinguishes them.

Plurality and definiteness in Chengdu Chinese

The authors identify a plural marker -ɕiɛ in Chengdu Chinese that can apply to both count and mass nouns, encoding plurality as well as definiteness. This post-nominal -ɕiɛ differs from the pre-nominal ɕiɛ, as the latter is purely plural but not inherently definite. Our analysis shows that the pre-nominal ɕiɛ functions as a quantifier, which occupies the [Spec, NumP] position, whereas the suffixal -ɕiɛ, by virtue of being a plural marker, is base-generated in the Num0 position and move to D0 to encode both plurality and definiteness. Moreover, the two ɕiɛs can co-occur in one and the same nominal phrase, exhibiting the double definiteness effect. The syntactic analysis of ɕiɛ in Chengdu Chinese, coupled with the study of di in Cantonese, has theoretical impacts on nominal phrase structures, in particular, on “plurality” and “definiteness”. First, plural markers in classifier languages contrast with those in number languages, as the former, but not the latter, defies numerical modification. Second, definiteness can be expressed by a non-D element, which may check its [+def] feature either by undergoing an upward movement to D (or [Spec, DP]) or by agreeing with the [+def] feature of a demonstrative. Third, the DP-NP distinction is strongly supported by our account of Chengdu Chinese.